This activity is intended for primary care physicians, psychiatrists, nurses, pharmacists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and other members of the healthcare team who care for patients at risk for suicide.
The goal of this activity is for learners to be better able to assess the relationship between folic acid supplementation and suicide.
Upon completion of this activity, participants will:
Medscape, LLC requires every individual in a position to control educational content to disclose all financial relationships with ineligible companies that have occurred within the past 24 months. Ineligible companies are organizations whose primary business is producing, marketing, selling, re-selling, or distributing healthcare products used by or on patients.
All relevant financial relationships for anyone with the ability to control the content of this educational activity are listed below and have been mitigated. Others involved in the planning of this activity have no relevant financial relationships.
This activity was planned by and for the healthcare team, and learners will receive 0.25 Interprofessional Continuing Education (IPCE) credit for learning and change.
Medscape, LLC designates this enduring material for a maximum of 0.25
AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™
. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Successful completion of this CME activity, which includes participation in the evaluation component, enables the participant to earn up to 0.25 MOC points in the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. Participants will earn MOC points equivalent to the amount of CME credits claimed for the activity. It is the CME activity provider's responsibility to submit participant completion information to ACCME for the purpose of granting ABIM MOC credit.
Awarded 0.25 contact hour(s) of nursing continuing professional development for RNs and APNs; 0.25 contact hours are in the area of pharmacology.
Medscape designates this continuing education activity for 0.25 contact hour(s) (0.025 CEUs) (Universal Activity Number: JA0007105-0000-22-387-H01-P).
Medscape, LLC has been authorized by the American Academy of PAs (AAPA) to award AAPA Category 1 CME credit for activities planned in accordance with AAPA CME Criteria. This activity is designated for 0.25 AAPA Category 1 CME credits. Approval is valid until 11/23/2023. PAs should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation.
For questions regarding the content of this activity, contact the accredited provider for this CME/CE activity noted above. For technical assistance, contact [email protected]
There are no fees for participating in or receiving credit for this online educational activity. For information on applicability
and acceptance of continuing education credit for this activity, please consult your professional licensing board.
This activity is designed to be completed within the time designated on the title page; physicians should claim only those
credits that reflect the time actually spent in the activity. To successfully earn credit, participants must complete the
activity online during the valid credit period that is noted on the title page. To receive
AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™, you must receive a minimum score of 75% on the post-test.
Follow these steps to earn CME/CE credit*:
You may now view or print the certificate from your CME/CE Tracker. You may print the certificate but you cannot alter it.
Credits will be tallied in your CME/CE Tracker and archived for 6 years; at any point within this time period you can print
out the tally as well as the certificates from the CME/CE Tracker.
*The credit that you receive is based on your user profile.
CME / ABIM MOC / CE Released: 11/23/2022
Valid for credit through: 11/23/2023, 11:59 PM EST
processing....
Suicide remains in the top 10 for overall causes of mortality in the United States, and healthcare professionals may exacerbate the risk for suicide through the medications they prescribe. A previous study by the authors of the current research examined medications that might affect the risk for suicide. Their results were published in the November 1, 2019 issue of the Harvard Data Science Review.[1]
Researchers used a large commercial health insurance database to evaluate the risk for suicide attempts and completions associated with 922 different drugs. Ten drugs were associated with a higher risk for suicide after exposure, and the most prominent of these were alprazolam, butalbital, hydrocodone, and promethazine/codeine. A total of 44 drugs were associated with a lower risk for suicide, including mirtazapine, disulfiram, naltrexone, and hydroxyzine.
The current study by focuses singularly on the potential effects of folic acid supplementation on the risk for suicide.
Prescription folic acid, a synthetic form of vitamin B9, may provide a safe and effective approach for decreasing suicidal ideation, new research suggests.
After adjusting for multiple factors, results from a large pharmaco-epidemiological study showed taking folic acid was associated with a 44% reduction in suicide events.
"These results are really putting folic acid squarely on the map as a potential for large-scale, population-level prevention," lead author Robert D. Gibbons, PhD, professor of biostatistics, Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Illinois, told Medscape Medical News.
Having such a tool would be extremely important given that suicide is such a significant public health crisis worldwide, he added.
The findings were published online September 28 in JAMA Psychiatry.[2]
Previous Research "Fairly Thin"Folate, the naturally occurring form of B9, is essential for neurogenesis, nucleotide synthesis, and methylation of homocysteine. Past research has suggested that taking folate can prevent neural tube and heart defects in the fetus during pregnancy and may prevent strokes and reduce age-related hearing loss in adults.
In psychiatry, the role of folate has been recognized for more than a decade. It may enhance the effects of antidepressants; and folate deficiency can predict poorer response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
This has led to recommendations for folate augmentation in patients with low or normal levels at the start of depression treatment.
Although previous research has shown a link between folic acid and suicidality, the findings have been "fairly thin," with studies being "generally small, and many are case series," Gibbons said.
The current study follows an earlier analysis that used a novel statistical methodology for generating drug safety signals that was developed by Gibbons and colleagues. That study compared rates of suicide attempts before and after initiation of 922 dugs with at least 3000 prescriptions.
Its results showed 10 drugs were associated with increased risk after exposure, with the strongest associations for alprazolam, butalbital, hydrocodone, and combination codeine/promethazine. In addition, 44 drugs were associated with decreased risk, many of which were antidepressants and antipsychotics.
"One of the most interesting findings in terms of the decreased risk was for folic acid," said Gibbons.
He and his colleagues initially thought this was because of women taking folic acid during pregnancy, but when restricting the analysis to men, they found the same effect.
Their next step was to carry out the current large-scale pharmaco-epidemiological study.
Prescriptions for PainResearchers used a health claims database that included 164 million enrollees. The study cohort was comprised of 866,586 adults with private health insurance (81.3% women; 10.4% aged ≥ 60 years) who filled a folic acid prescription between 2012 and 2017.
More than half of the folic acid prescriptions were associated with pain disorders. About 48% were for a single agent at a dosage of 1 mg/d, which is the upper tolerable limit for adults, including in pregnancy and lactation.
Other single-agent daily dosages ranging from 0.4 mg to 5 mg accounted for 0.11% of prescriptions. The remainder were multivitamins.
The participants were followed for 24 months. The within-person analysis compared suicide attempts or self-harm events resulting in an outpatient visit or inpatient admission during periods of folic acid treatment vs during periods without treatment.
During the study period, the overall suicidal event rate was 133 per 100,000 population, which is one-fourth the national rate reported by the National Institutes of Health of 600 per 100,000.
After adjusting for age, sex, diagnoses related to suicidal behavior and folic acid deficiency, history of folate-reducing medications, and history of suicidal events, the estimated HR for suicide events when taking folic acid was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.48, 0.65), which indicates a 44% reduction in suicide events.
Gibbons noted the decrease in suicidal events may have been even greater, considering the study captured only prescription folic acid and participants may also have also taken over-the-counter products.
"The 44% reduction in suicide attempts may actually be an underestimate," said Gibbons.
Age and sex did not moderate the association between folic acid and suicide attempts, and a similar association was found in women of childbearing age.
Provocative Results?The investigators also assessed a negative control group of 236,610 individuals using cyanocobalamin during the study period. Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 that is essential for metabolism, blood cell synthesis, and the nervous system. It does not contain folic acid and is commonly used to treat anemia.
Results showed no association between cyanocobalamin and suicidal events in the adjusted analysis (aHR 1.01 [95% CI: 0.8, 1.27]) or unadjusted analysis (HR 1.02 [95% CI: 0.8, 1.28]).
Gibbons noted this result boosts the argument that the association between folic acid and reduced suicidal attempts "isn't just about health-seeking behavior like taking vitamin supplements."
Another sensitivity analysis showed every additional month of treatment was associated with a 5% reduction in the suicidal event rate.
The new results "are so provocative that they really mandate the need for a well-controlled randomized controlled trial of folic acid and suicide events," possibly in a high-risk population such as veterans, he noted.
Such a study could use longitudinal assessments of suicidal events, such as the validated Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale (CAT-SS), he added. This continuous scale of suicidality ranges from subclinical -- signifying helplessness, hopelessness, and loss of pleasure -- to suicide attempts and completion.
As for study limitations, the investigators noted that this study was observational, so there could be selection effects, and using claims data likely underrepresented the number of suicidal events because of incomplete reporting. As the researchers pointed out, the rate of suicidal events in this study was much lower than the national rate.
Other limitations cited were that the association between folic acid and suicidal events may be explained by healthy user bias, and although the investigators conducted a sensitivity analysis in women of childbearing age, they did not have data on women actively planning for a pregnancy.
More Studies NeededCommenting for Medscape Medical News, Shirley Yen, PhD, associate professor of psychology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, described the new findings as "quite impressive" and "extremely encouraging."
She noted, however, that "it's too premature" to suggest widespread use of folic acid in patients with depressive symptoms.
She did agree with the investigators that the results call for "more robustly controlled studies. These could include double-blind randomized controlled trials that could "more formally assess" all folic acid usage as opposed to prescriptions only, Yen said.
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention (US Department of Veterans Affairs). Gibbons reported serving as an expert witness in cases for the US Department of Justice; receiving expert witness fees from GlaxoSmithKline; Merck & Co., Inc.; Pfizer Inc.; and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc.; and having founded Adaptive Testing Technologies, which distributes the Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale. Yen has reported no relevant financial relationships.