Wednesday, October 4, 2023
| I+PSE action component | Definition for healthy eating and active living (HEAL) |
|---|---|
| 1. Strengthen individual knowledge and skills | Enhance individual’s, or household’s decision-making and capability of participating in or benefitting from HEAL. |
| 2. Promote community engagement and education | Connect with diverse groups of people to inform them about the benefits of HEAL and to establish bi-directional communication, trust, and support to advance HEAL approaches. |
| 3. Activate intermediaries and service providers | Inform and educate intermediaries and service providers who transmit information about HEAL to others. |
| 4. Facilitate partnerships and multisector collaborations | Foster relationships and cultivate multisector collaborations with stakeholders about individual, community, and/or population approaches to HEAL. |
| 5. Align organizational policies and practices | Revise or adapt policies, procedures, and practices within institutions that support HEAL. |
| 6. Foster physical, natural, and social settings | Design, foster, and maintain physical (built), natural (ecosystems), and social settings within institutions and public environments that support HEAL. |
| 7. Advance public policy and legislation | Develop strategies to inform change to laws, regulations, and public policies (local, state, federal) that support HEAL. |
Table 1. Components of the I+PSE Conceptual Framework for Actiona
Abbreviations: HEAL, healthy eating active living; I+PSE, Individual Plus Policy, Systems, and Environmental Framework for Action.
aAdapted from Tagtow et al (12).
| Author, year (reference) | Funding source | Initiative name; purpose(s) | Setting | Length | I+PSE Framework components aligned with evaluation strategies a | Authors’ identified accomplishments and challenges; coder comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abildso, 2019 (19) | CDC Community Transformation Grant | Change the Future West Virginia; evaluate adoption and reach of nutrition-based PSE in food desert | 638 Schools, 120 farmers markets, 47 retail food outlets | 3 years | Online survey, (weak) [3]; Online survey, weak [4]; documentation, online survey [5]; online survey [6]. Evaluation methods: online survey of participating officials in schools, farmers markets, and outlets; documentation: copies of signed agreements with farmers markets and retail food outlets. RE-AIM Framework used | Accomplishments: Schools in 48 of 55 counties implemented farm-to-school activities; 2 of 3 farmers markets signed collaboration agreements; hiring of personnel with trust and connections was valuable for improving process; changes were easier in local grocery stores than in national stores. Challenges: Funding ended abruptly, and many objectives were not sustained. Lack of resource availability limited progress. Coder comments: Trainings and local connections (personnel-related implementation) important but give minimal details on how this was done. |
| Agner, 2020 (20) | CDC and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation | Healthy Hawai‘i Initiative (HHI); statewide effort to prevent and control chronic disease, extend and increase the quality of Hawaiians' lives, and address health disparity | Private and nonprofit organizations, schools, general public | Ongoing since 2000 | 10 In-depth, semi-structured interviews [4, 5, 6, 7]. Evaluation methods: 10 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with key informants and systematic literature review of HHI reports and articles. Culture of Health Action Framework; 1) creating health values, 2) cross-sectoral collaboration, 3) healthier communities, 4) strengthening health services and systems | Accomplishments: HHI has capitalized on relationship building, data sharing, and storytelling to encourage a shared value of health among lawmakers, efforts led to development of health policy champions; deemed overall a very successful program. Challenges: Cultural differences sometimes led to implementation pushback. Coder comments: Details of how triangulation was conducted or supports results is unclear. |
| Arriola, 2017 (21) | CDC funded Emory Prevention Research Center’s Cancer Prevention and Control Research Network to provide mini grants | Prevention Strategies that Work; measured congregants' perceptions of healthfulness of church environment, policies, and social support, and their physical activity and dietary behaviors in and out of church | 6 Faith-based organizations in Georgia | 12 months | No evaluation [3]; pre and post survey [5]; pre and post survey [6]. Evaluation methods: pre and post surveys administered to church members: pre (baseline) and post 1 year after | Accomplishments: increase in perceived healthy foods served at church associated with overall healthy foods eaten. |
| Askelson, 2019 (22) | USDA funded Iowa Department of Education Team Nutrition program | [No named initiative]; describe implementation and results of lunchroom intervention using principles of behavioral economics | 6 rural middle schools in Iowa | 1 school year | Online survey [2]; semi-structured interview [3, 4]; lunchroom assessment, production records, semi-structured interview [6]. Evaluation methods: Online pre- and post-surveys assessed students’, parents’, and food service staff’s perceptions of the lunchroom; semi-structured telephone interviews to assess the experiences and perceptions of food service directors; lunchroom assessment tool assessed environment by measuring criteria during lunch period walk-throughs; production measuring lunch staff ordering/ preparation of healthy foods | Accomplishments: increased lunchroom assessment scores for 5 of 6 middle schools; 4 schools increased servings of healthy food; directors reported intervention as feasible long-term and well received; improved communication with students. Challenges: consumption not measured, no measure of staff and student interaction or education or how relationships between the two improved. Coder comments: production records not reflecting serving; lunchroom assessment not quantitative |
| Balis, 2019 (23) | SNAP-ED, EFNEP, University of Wyoming Extension | Take the Stairs, Wyoming!; increase physical activity in workplaces using PSE; implementation using posters encouraging stairway use | 32 Wyoming businesses and organizations with elevators | 6 months | Opportunistic interviews and site observations [6]. Evaluation methods: interviews with Extension Service health educators and observations of businesses and organizations | Accomplishments: posters widely adopted and implemented. Challenges: capturing reach, effectiveness, and maintenance was challenging because health educators found evaluation burdensome; therefore, difficult to tell whether posters were effective at increasing physical activity levels; lack of data collection adherence by health educators. Coder comments: limited evaluation. |
| Berman, 2018 (24) | J.R. Albert Foundation, Kansas Health Foundation, and Health Care Foundation of Greater Kansas City | Healthy Lifestyles Initiative; increase healthy eating and physical activity, and reduce obesity and disparities through PSE approaches | Local children's hospital, 218 community partners and 170 community organizations (schools, childcare providers, health care providers, businesses, nonprofit community organizations, government organizations) | 1 year | Online survey [1]; focus groups and online survey [2]; online survey [3]; weak online survey [4]; online survey [5]. Evaluation |
Accomplishments: educational handouts and posters most commonly used materials; partnerships and reviewing wellness policies most common activities; positive association between making an action plan and number of implementation strategies with activity implementation and material use. Challenges: partners reported wanting increased support; progress/ implementation slow because of lack of resources, communication, and need for additional materials and trainings (although receiving materials was not associated with material usage). Coder comments: minimal information on how self-reporting was standardized |
| Bunnell, 2012 (1) | CDC, US Department of Health and Human Services, county health departments | Communities Putting Prevention to Work; develop PSE plans for decreasing obesity through nutrition and physical activity, tobacco use, and secondhand smoke exposure | 50 Communities (14 large cities, 12 urban areas, 21 small cities and rural counties, and 3 tribes in 32 states and District of Columbia) | 2 years | No evaluation [3, 4]; milestones and action plans [5, 6]. Evaluation methods: review of action plans and outcome objectives, and quarterly reporting on outcome objectives and milestones | Accomplishments: more than one-third of communities advanced their obesity and tobacco-use strategies within 12 months; tobacco interventions had higher population reach than obesity interventions. Challenges: Implementation varied significantly across interventions. Reach was limited (35%–50%) for obesity programming. Coder comments: Evaluation plan discussed in minimal detail; vague and difficult to follow. |
| Castillo, 2019 (25) | CDC | Working on Wellness; PSE intervention for expanding bicycle infrastructure and opportunities for physical activity | General population (860,861 residents) of Hidalgo County, Texas | 3 years | No evaluation [2, 3, 4]; no evaluation described but stated that it occurred [5, 6]. Evaluation methods: Baseline needs assessment of built environment; no further evaluation strategies described | Accomplishments: More than 5 miles of bike lanes installed; bike safety and group rides program initiated; Bicycle Friendly Business Program (57 bicycle racks installed) implemented; 9 of 10 bike trail plans implemented). Challenges: sustainability questioned; partner involvement not fully sustained. Coder comments: No measure on how residents’ use, health, behavior changed, only that access increased. No details on how reporting was facilitated. |
| Cheadle, 2010, Cheadle, 2012 (26,27) | Kaiser Permanente Northern California Community Benefit Program | Northern California initiative (Healthy Eating, Active Living –Community Health Initiative); to promote population-level improvements in intermediate outcomes (physical activity levels, proportion eating healthy diet) and long-term improvements in related health outcomes | 3 largely ethnic minority communities with populations of 37,000–52,000; stakeholders were health care sites, worksites, neighborhoods, schools, food stores, and restaurants | 5 years | Telephone survey of adults, school-based survey of youth, fitness test, height and weight measured [1]; interview and photovoice [2, 4]; no evaluation [3, 7]; DOCC; Photovoice [5]; DOCC; Photovoice [6]. Evaluation methods: telephone survey of members accessing Kaiser Permanente health services, pre/post surveys of youth in fitness program measuring physical activity and nutrition, pre/post fitness test of youth, height and weight measurements taken with a few participants, DOCC database tracked reach (number exposed and number affected) to quantify implementation, key stakeholder interviews and Photovoice to gather community opinion and perspective on initiative | Accomplishments: 76 Strategies across 3 communities, high dose interventions to increase youth physical activity, results of youth survey inconclusive. Challenges: Lack of long-term effects due to stakeholder, student, and patient turnover; telephone survey response rates too low to provide adequate information. Coder comments: measuring youth population change was resource intensive; lack of longitudinal measures; I+PSE 5 and 6 potentially sustainable. |
| Cheadle, 2016 (28) | Department of Health and Human Services, CDC Community Transformation Grants, and Partnership to Improve Community Health | King County Communities Putting Prevention to Work; PSE changes to reduce obesity and tobacco use | Schools, local government, community organizations (supported by public health department) across King County, Washington. Consisted of 7 low-income communities (652,000 residents) | 24 months | Interviews [2]; no evaluation [3, 7]; key documents, meeting minutes and attendance, online surveys, tracked advocacy efforts [4]; interviews [5]; interviews, environmental assessments [6]. Evaluation methods: Residents surveyed online, interviews with key stakeholders, observed activities, assessed environment, tracked joint advocacy efforts, reviewed key documents (ie, project planning, action summaries), meeting attendance, estimated number of residents reached | Accomplishments: 22 of 24 strategies achieved significant progress; dyad of technical assistance provider plus champion were key to success; unable to gain joint use agreement. Challenges: More information/ discussion necessary on long-term policy. Coder comments: Environmental assessment seems weak, not standardized |
| Coleman, 2012 (29) | USDA National Research Initiative Award | Healthy Options for Nutrition Environments in Schools; randomized group trial of schools that implemented school nutrition policy and environmental changes to reduce unhealthy foods and beverages on campus, develop nutrition services as the main provider for healthy eating, and promote staff modeling of healthy eating | 1 Low-income school district with 6 elementary schools and 2 middle schools | 3 years | Interviews, height and weight measured [2]; no evaluation [3]; policy document review, environmental assessment, interviews (parent, student, teacher), fundraising results [5]; environmental assessment, count outside beverages per child per week in cafeteria and at recess [6]. Evaluation methods: Interviews of parents, students, and teachers regarding implementation and opinions of PSE changes, self-reported student height and weight, number of outside foods and beverages counted in observation, environment assessment by counting products in trash bins after lunch period, semi-structured interviews with school district administrators and principals, review of policy documents, funding results (money raised and attendance). Model/framework: Plan-Do-Study-Act, Institute for Healthcare Improvement's rapid improvement process model | Accomplishments: Outside food and beverages per child per week decreased for intervention schools and increased for control schools over time (especially for unhealthy items); changes in rates of obesity were similar in both intervention and control schools. Challenges: Low participant buy-in; unsure whether due to resources or engagement. Coder comments: No exploration of why no significant changes seen between two conditions. |
| Cranney, 2021 (30) | New South Wales (NSW) Ministry of Health, Prevention Research Collaboration | The Healthy Food and Drink in NSW Health Facilities for Staff and Visitors; aims to increase availability and promotion of healthy food and drink options in food outlets in NSW Health facilities | 15 NSW Local Health Districts and 3 Specialty Health Networks; 26 public hospitals and health facilities and 691 food outlets (eg, kiosks, vending machines, coffee shops) | 1 year | Audit [5]; audit and survey [6]. Evaluation methods: Audit of random samples (environment and adherence to policy); consumer intercept survey | Accomplishments: Proportion of outlets that removed sugary beverages increased from 58.0% to 96.3%; majority of outlets supported removal, with nearly half reporting it would improve people's health. Challenges: Baseline not obtained for nearly 2/3 of implementation locations; baseline data collection seemed to “motivate” changes. Coder comments: Evaluation done only in a portion of locations (both audit and intercept survey). No measure of how consumers engaged with policy and environmental changes. Strength: Audit collection tool was standardized and auditors were trained. |
| Eisenberg, 2021 (31) | CDC | Reaching People with Disabilities Through Healthy Communities; infuse disability inclusion into PSE changes promoting healthy living (help improve access to healthy choices for community residents with disabilities) | 10 Communities across Iowa, Montana, New York, Ohio, and Oregon | 2-1/2 years | The Community Health Inclusion Index (CHII) assessments [5, 6]; walkability audits; walkability audits, CHII assessments [7]. Evaluation methods: CHII assessments; walkability audits; CHII questions on level of inclusion; recorded data on standardized spread sheet that updated quarterly, content analysis. Framework: Guidelines, Recommendations, Adaptations Including Disability (GRAIDs) | Accomplishments: |
| Escaron, 2019 (32) | CDC | [No name noted]; promote healthy eating throughout the school day and in after-school programs | 19 School and after-school programs (Boys and Girls Club and YMCA) in southeast Los Angeles, California | 4 years | The Healthy Afterschool Activity and Nutrition Documentation Instrument (HAAND) interviews [3]; program records, the Wellness School Assessment Tool (WellSAT) 2.0 [5]; HAAND interview, HAAND pre- and post- assessment, WellSAT 2.0 [6]; no evaluation [7]. Evaluation methods: Interviews with program staff regarding effectiveness of trainings, their opinions of the HAAND-based guidelines, HAAND assessment pre–post with rubric to evaluate policy, program records regarding trainings/ engagement, WellSat 2.0 to evaluate quality of policy/ implementation. Evaluated via RE-AIM framework | Accomplishments: Reached 43.5% of priority student population. Improvement in wellness policy quality and after-school practices pre- to post-intervention. Challenges: Pushback and lack of communication from some district administration; limited implementation. No follow-up evaluation. Coder comments: Very brief mention of training; weak measure of student engagement. |
| Feyerherm, 2014 (33) | CDC Communities Putting Prevention to Work | Partners for a Healthy City; collaborations with local organizations to implement policies to promote healthy eating and physical activity; develop partner engagement kit, recruit community trainers, and provide technical assistance | 346 Organizations: faith-based organizations, businesses, physician offices, and agencies in Douglas County, Nebraska | 2 years | No evaluation [2, 3, 4, 6]; online assessment tool, number of signed letters of intent [5]. Evaluation methods: Online assessment tool for baseline of policy quality, follow-up assessment to evaluate new policy implementation, number of letters of intent to implement at least 1 policy | Accomplishments: 92% of organizations implemented 1 new policy or expanded a current policy; 952 policy changes total; careful selection of community trainers, wide range of policies, alignment of initiative with organization initiatives, and incentives contributed to success. Challenges: No evaluation on whether or not 1 policy change resulted in many more. Coder comments: Letters of intent weak form of evaluation. |
| Garcia, 2017; Garcia 2018 (34,35) | CDC, American Heart Association | Accelerating National Community Health Outcomes Through Reinforcing Partnerships Program; PSE interventions to increase healthy food options in vending machines | 8 Communities, state capitol, city building, community organization, vending machines | 16 months | No evaluation [1, 2, 3, 4]; assessment [5, 6]. Evaluation methods: Nutrition Environment Measures survey vending assessment to evaluate environment at baseline and post initiative | Accomplishments: 63% of vending machines had healthier food or beverages at follow-up. Challenges: Pushback from community about vending changes and delays in follow-up because of vending contracts and other priorities; institutional and community buy-in was important for implementation; 8 communities assessed baseline, but only 3 communities assessed follow-up. Coder comments: 1,2,3,4 not evaluated. Question whether environment assessment really evaluated I+PSE component 5 (policy) |
| Garney, 2018 (36) | CDC, American Heart Association | Accelerating National Community Health Outcomes Through Reinforcing Partnerships Program; Multiple case study design to implement PSE interventions to increase access to healthy foods and beverages, physical activity, and smoke-free environments | 6 nonprofits (and surrounding communities) in 6 states | Began in May 2015 [length of time unknown] | Action plan assessment, interviews [2]. Evaluation methods: Interviews with program staff and community partners; Quality of Action Plan Assessment Framework, Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, State Plan Index Tool | Accomplishments: Implementation-ready communities felt they were most successful in community engagement, even though they were also able to successfully implement PSE interventions. Challenges: Lack of time, lack of follow-up, and difficulty accessing key stakeholders impeded capacity-building communities’ progress. Both types ultimately received community support; just took longer in capacity-building communities. Capacity-building sites laid the groundwork for change but struggled to achieve tangible outcomes. Coder comments: Interviews implied I+PSE component 3 happened. No measure that policy I+PSE component 5 was implemented. |
| Garney, 2020 (37) | CDC | Accelerating National Community Health Outcomes through Reinforcing Partnerships Program; preventing chronic disease by targeting cardiovascular disease risk factors (access to fruits and vegetables, physical activity, and smoke-free environments) | 15 community-based cardiovascular disease prevention partnership networks in the Northeast, South, Midwest, and Western US. 39% of the communities had a poverty rate below the state and/or federal rates | 14 months | Interorganizational Network (ION) survey and partner interview [4]. Nutrition Environment Survey [6]. Evaluation methods: ION survey regarding collaboration, interview with partners involved, survey regarding nutrition environment | Accomplishments: 73% of communities met partnership goals. More equal partnerships were correlated with more success than hierarchical ones. Triangulation with qualitative data. Challenges: Limited timeline; low response rate in some networks; level of involvement required unclear. Coder comments: Subjective data interpretation; complex analysis not available for all initiatives. Mentions evaluation of I+PSE component 6 but 6 wasn't clearly stated as a goal. |
| Garvin, 2013 (38) | Virginia Department of Health, Consortium for Infant and Child Health | Business Case for Breastfeeding program; lactation support program to eliminate breastfeeding barriers by encouraging changes in policy and business environment | 20 businesses in southeastern Virginia | 14 months | No evaluation [1]; lactation assessment form (LAF) ordinal rating and follow-up questionnaire by phone (weak; indirect) [2]; no evaluation [4]; LAF ordinal rating and follow-up questionnaire by phone [5,6]. Evaluation methods: LAF ordinal rating evaluated environment and policy with rubric-based scale, follow-up questionnaire by phone of businesses measuring engagement in environment. Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change adapted to assess stage of organizational change. CDC tool for measuring community-level PSE change adapted to assess worksite policy and environmental changes | Accomplishments: 20 businesses educated, 17 engaged, 15 completed LAF questionnaires; positive engagement and implementation of the Business Case for Breastfeeding toolkit. Challenges: Only implemented in health care businesses. Coder comments: Appears some sites opted out midway because of minimal support/ communication. |
| Giles, 2012 (39) | CDC Nutrition and Obesity Policy Research and Evaluation Network and Prevention Research Centers Program, Donald and Sue Pritzker Nutrition and Fitness Initiative, and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation | Out of School Nutrition and Physical Activity Initiative; implement low-cost strategies to provide water after school; increase consumption of water by elementary school–aged children during after-school snack time; increase overall youth health | 20 Randomly selected after-school programs in the Boston, Massachusetts area | 1 School year | No evaluation [2, 3, 4]; observer records [5,6]. Evaluation methods: Observer records from what was served during after-school programs (records noting times per day served, volume by ounce served, frequency served, calories in other beverages served; related caloric consumption calculations) based on social–ecological model and a community-based participatory research approach | Accomplishments: Water served to children increased in programs receiving intervention resources, calorie consumption decreased compared with nonintervention programs. Challenges: 1 school year, only elementary school–aged children. Coder comments: Minimal evaluation of components, no longevity assessment. |
| Gollub, 2014 (40) | CDC | Louisiana's Tobacco Control Program's Putting Prevention to Work; engage school communities to create an environment that promotes healthy eating, physical activity, and tobacco-free living | 27 Louisiana Public Schools | 1 School year | Survey, social media progress report, telephone calls [2]; learnings survey, training sessions report visits, best practice reporting [3]; survey (weak), best practice reporting (weak), overall no evaluation [5]. Evaluation methods: Survey of youth behavior/ beliefs, social media campaign/ content report, telephone calls regarding opinion of social media campaigns, regular on-site learnings survey of state team members on lessons learned during planning and implementation processes, reports on what happened during training sessions, monitoring/ documentation of best practices via site reporters | Accomplishments: Environmental changes (eg, physical activity breaks, healthier vending options, tobacco-free campuses) were adopted. Challenges: Only 25 of 27 schools finished. Coder comments: Survey content/ purpose ambiguous, weak evaluation of I+PSE category 5; very focused on I+PSE category 3 |
| Hardison-Moody, 2011 (41) | Kate B. Reynolds Charitable Trust of Winston-Salem | Faithful Families Eating Smart and Moving More; promote health of low-income faith communities through 9-session EFNEP-led educational series on good nutrition and physical activity; promoted health with environmental and policy changes to support learning | 44 Faith communities in North Carolina | 9 Weeks | Member health assessment [1]; no evaluation [3]; 172 policy and environmental changes enacted [5,6]. Evaluation methods: Member health assessments pre and post, reporting (very vague) | Accomplishments: Communities enacted 172 policy and environmental changes; behavioral changes noted. Challenges: Difficulty in communication between Extension officials and leaders in the faith-based sector; differences in communication/ implementation. Coder comments: No reporting on how policy/ environmental change data presented/ obtained. Evaluation methods not discussed in detail |
| Hardison-Moody, 2020 (42) | USDA Regional Center for Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention, Southern Region | Faithful Families; adoption of PSE changes to support healthy eating and physical activity in faith communities through coordinated effort between EFNEP and SNAP-Ed | 13 Faith communities in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Florida | 1 Year | No evaluation [1,3]; site reports [5,6]. Evaluation methods: Faith community assessment, site reports on environmental changes promoting healthy choices from site visits, and annual reporting. | Accomplishments: 34 PSE changes implemented; affected 11 faith communities with 4,810 members across sites. Challenges: Small sample; no long-term effects noted; very difficult to recruit lay leaders; reach could have potentially been greater. Coder comments: Reporting vague, audit tool used not described in detail |
| Hearst, 2018; Hearst, 2019 (43,44) | NHLBI/NIH | BreakFAST; After school breakfast policy and environment to change adolescent beliefs of barriers and benefits of breakfast | 16 Rural public high schools in Minnesota | 2 years | Student surveys [1]; no evaluation [2, 5, 6]. Evaluation methods: Written student survey asking how many days a week they ate breakfast | Accomplishments: Changes to school policy and environment led to “Grab and Go” and “2nd Chance” breakfast options and marketing strategy; intervention versus control students reported significant reduction in perceived barriers to school breakfast. Challenges: No intervention difference in beliefs surrounding importance of breakfast. Coder comments: Applied group randomized design to provide strong evidence |
| Holston, 2020 (45) | CDC | Healthy Communities; implement PSE strategies supporting education to promote healthy behavior change and overcome barriers | 3 Rural parishes in Louisiana with adult obesity rates higher than 40% | 3 Years | No evaluation [3, 4, 6]. Evaluation methods: Simply stated initiatives, unclear how results obtained/reported | Accomplishments: Interventions varied by parish but included Complete Streets implementation plans, healthy retail initiatives, play space improvements, downtown beautification projects, and Smarter Lunchrooms. Extension office still has member advocating for program. Challenges: Progress was slow; instability between management/ leadership at parishes made implementation and reporting difficult/inconsistent. Prevention changes not used/not sustainable. Coder comments: Unable to understand purpose of technical assistance/education from Extension office (I+PSE component 3) |
| Honeycutt, 2012 (46) | CDC and NCI/NIH | Nutrition Programs that Work; mini-grants and technical assistance to disseminate evidence-based programs, understand how the project worked in different settings, and generate recommendations for future programming and evaluation | 7 Churches and worksites in rural, southwest Georgia | 18 Months | Activity forms and interviews (weak) [1]; no evaluation [3]; activity forms, interviews, and focus groups [5, 6]. Evaluation methods: Program records (not specified); activity forms completed by grantees; interviews with organizational leaders about program implementation and focus groups that collected information about their activities during telephone calls and site visits. Framework: RE-AIM framework | Accomplishments: All 7 sites conducted at least 6 of 8 core elements including at least 1 food-related policy or environmental change; program reach varied widely across sites and core elements. Challenges: Sites intended to discontinue some aspects of program; some participants unwilling to provide data; only program leaders at worksites. No follow-up data taken, only data during intervention. Coder comments: Pushback in adoption of program resulting from paperwork required for evaluation; no specification of what program records evaluated |
| Jernigan, 2018 (47) | NHLBI/NIH | Tribal Health and Resilience in Vulnerable Environments [THRIVE]; increase vegetable and fruit intake among Native Americans living within the Chickasaw Nation and Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma | 20 Convenience stores owned or operated by Chickasaw Nation and the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma | 5 Years | Sales data [1, 6]; no evaluation [2, 4]. Evaluation methods: Sales data | Accomplishments: Increased sales of fruits and vegetables; evaluation in progress. Challenges: Extensive cost and staff support; not generalizable to all Indigenous communities. Difficult to determine if intervention eliminated disparities. Coder comments: Sales data only (and limited) measure of promotion, store placement, owner supply, and consumer behavior |
| Kao, 2018 (48) | Kaiser Permanente Community Health Initiative | Healthy Eating Active Living project; workshop and technical assistance to develop policy for physical activity and other healthy behaviors (part of larger community collaborative) | 17 Licensed family childcare homes in Northern California | 3 Years | No evaluation [2]; pre and post observations, questionnaires, physical activity logs [5, 6]. Evaluation methods: Pre- and post-intervention evaluation without a control group; pre and post observations, self-assessment questionnaires, and physical activity logs | Accomplishments: Providers increased number of activities, improved screen time practices, and made improvements to the physical activity environment. Challenges: Variability in reporting, low implementation of physical activity promotion material. No significant change in size of play space or total physical activity. Coder comments: Trained data collector conducted objective observations of physical activity environment to resolve subjectivity in reporting |
| Kegler, 2015 (49) | CDC and Mississippi State Department of Health | [No name noted]; Community-based PSE initiative to support cardiovascular disease and stroke prevention. Guided by Advisory Council and implemented by the Mississippi State Department of Health in collaboration with local community partners | 7 Mississippi Delta counties across health, faith, education, worksite, and community/city government sectors | 3 Years | Grantee interview, grantee progress report, health council member survey [2]; grantee progress report [3]; health council survey [4]; grantee progress report, organizational survey, health council survey, church PSE survey [5]; grantee progress report, church PSE survey [6]; no evaluation [7]. Evaluation methods: Grantee interview to evaluate intervention; grantee progress reported/documented intervention progress survey with health council to determine engagement/ progress; organizational survey to evaluate progress and (weakly) quality of partnerships; church survey to evaluate PSE changes in each church | Accomplishments: Increased PSEs seen across all sectors. Support increased access to physical activity opportunities, healthy food and beverage options, quality health care, and reduced exposure to tobacco. Challenges: Timeframe and funding limited scope of intervention and evaluation. Challenging to collect data, evaluate/ modify training aspect. Lack of baseline data. PSEs not adopted equally across all sectors attributed to lack of cultural modification for each sector. Coder comments: Lack of deep evaluation/modification in I+PSE components 2, 3, 4 |
| Kelly, 2021 (50) | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment’s Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Disease | The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment’s Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Disease grant program; implement policy and environmental strategies that support HEAL. Coalitions prioritized built environment to support active living and healthy food and beverage strategies | 6 Coalitions in Colorado representing 5 communities | 3 Years | No evaluation [3, 4]; semiannual report and follow-up calls [5, 6, 7]. Evaluation methods: Semiannual reporting by coalitions about their communities’ progress. Follow-up call with coalition leaders to validate reporting. | Accomplishments: Built environment coalitions implemented change at 61 sites with 16 policies and plans and 44 environmental changes. Healthy food and beverage coalitions implemented changes at 66 sites by passing 31 policies and plans and 44 environmental and practice changes. Challenges: Self-reports by coalitions; inconsistent methodology across sites and potentially inflated numbers. Implementers reported long and slow progress not sustainable for the long term. Coder comments: Very little discussion of how reporting occurred |
| Leser, 2021 (51) | CDC’s Healthy Communities Program | Action Communities for Health, Innovation and Environmental change; establish partnerships between national and local organizations to promote and implement structural changes in local communities across the US to address risk factors for heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, obesity, and arthritis | 10 Community-based organizations in Ohio | 1 Year | No evaluation [4]; survey and interview [5]. |
Accomplishments: Policies either fully (66%) or partially (31%) implemented. Participants (97%) reported that they somewhat/strongly agreed that the adopted policies would be implemented in the future. Challenges: Some staff pushback in health-related policy. Coder comments: No description of how support was provided to organizations (how did initiative support aim). Description alludes to collaboration between different levels of large and small organizations, but not in detail |
| Long, 2018 (52) | CDC, NIH | Sodium Reduction in Communities Program; reduce sodium intake through food service guidelines, procurement and food preparation practices, and environmental strategies | 30 Public schools and 5 community meal programs in Northwest Arkansas | 1 Year | No evaluation [2, 3, 4]; procurement records, food production records [5]; observation and documentation of food preparation [6]. Evaluation methods: Schools: procurement records, food production records, number of people served, menu item nutrient reports, implementation records, point-of-service, and sodium data. Community meals: implementation records, procurement records, daily menus, daily counts of people served, observation and documentation of food preparation, point-of-service, and sodium data | Accomplishments: Mean sodium levels per lunch diner decreased 11.2% in schools and 16.6% in community meal programs. Challenges: Implementation time; staff-intensive. No control group. Staff ability to program, advertise, and prepare food delayed or lacking. Staff lacked monetary incentive to support policy. Coder comments: Little focus on I+PSE categories 2, 3, 4. Not sure how success or limitation of these influenced results |
| Long, 2019 (53) | CDC Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health [REACH] grant, National Institute of General Medical Sciences grant, and NIH Translational Research Institute grant | REACH project; improve food quality and increase distribution of fruits and vegetables at food pantries for 1,500 Pacific Islander and Hispanic clients | 3 Food pantries in Arkansas | 13 Months | Food pantry bag audits and client surveys [1]; no evaluation [3, 4, 5, 6]. Evaluation methods: Food pantry bag audits assessing nutritional content, survey of client opinions regarding PSE changes | Accomplishments: Modest increase in fresh fruit and vegetable servings; reduction in sodium per 2,000 calories distributed. Challenges: No control group. No determination of longevity of project. Difficult to generalize to other communities. Coder comments: Not sustainable or generalizable without policy evaluation. |
| Martin, 2009 (54) | Master Settlement (Funds from master state tobacco settlement) | Healthy Maine Partnerships; reduce tobacco use, increase physical activity, and improve nutrition through local policy and environmental change | Schools, worksites, hospitals, municipalities, colleges, restaurants, food pantries across Maine | 3 Years | No evaluation [3]; narrative reports [4]; outcome survey [5, 6, 7]. Evaluation methods: Outcome survey from 31 local partnership directors and school health coordinators, and Five-Year Review (narrative) measured activities and outcomes for all components | Accomplishments: 4,600+ policy or environmental changes reported; tobacco use policies represent most changes implemented. Extensive training and technical assistance improved skills of public health workforce. Challenges: High staff turnover; trainings not fully redone. Coder comments: Limited/ minimal results reported |
| McGladrey, 2019 (55) | CDC | [No name noted]; enhance collective impact of systems-level physical activity promotion programming through a multisectoral approach | Clinton County Kentucky Extension Office | 3 Years | Survey after training on coalition content [3]; relationship survey [4]; environment and program survey [6]. Evaluation methods: Survey after trainings to assess understanding and opinions on content, survey of partners to assess quality of assistance and partnership (vague), survey regarding environment and program changes | Accomplishments: Extension-led coalition accomplished the 6 essential functions of a backbone support organization by identifying obesity as a critical local issue. Infrastructure for future initiatives well-established. Relationships and program deemed sustainable. Challenges: Coalition-building difficult in rural areas because of geographic isolation and deficits in infrastructure, public transportation, health care providers, and funding. Coder comments: Overall description of evaluation very ambiguous and confusing. Discussion of triangulation, but unclear what was achieved |
| Molitor, 2020 (56) | SNAP/USDA | SNAP-Ed; evaluation to correlate number of SNAP-related PSE changes to dietary behavior and diet quality of caregivers | 2,222 Household caregivers in California (58 counties) | 1 Year | Dietary recall assessment [1]; activities entered into SNAP-Ed program, evaluation, and reporting systems [6, 7]. Evaluation methods: 24-hr dietary recall of caregivers’ assessment by telephone compared by census tract where PSE and direct education occurred | Accomplishments: PSE reach predicted decreased intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and added sugar, and increased Healthy Eating Index, regardless of race and/or ethnicity, age, or reach of direct education. Challenges: Self-reporting on behaviors/diets, minimal measure of diet quality, only number of PSE activities to which participants may have been exposed. Coder comments: Unable to tie diet quality to PSE change as latter was loosely evaluated |
| Murriel, 2020 (57) | CDC | High Obesity Program; implement PSE changes to support healthy eating and access to physical activity opportunities | Coalitions in 100 communities across 11 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia) | 4 years | Annual report and performance evaluation (weak) [3]; annual report [6]; Evaluation methods: Annual reports from communities and performance evaluations from project evaluator | Accomplishments: Increased access to physical activity for nearly 1.6 million people. Challenges: Varying success across community types (urban vs rural). Limited ability for evaluation (brief, not entirely thorough). No standardized way of initiative implementation because of number and variety of populations. No evidence for sustainability. Coder comments: Minimal discussion of how reporting worked (Who? How?) or what classified/ operationalized a true “PSE change” |
| O'Hara-Tompkins, 2021 (58) | USDA (Extension services under Agriculture Improvement Act [Farm Bill]) | [No name noted]; improve quality and quantity of healthful foods and opportunities for physical activity provided to children, provider-child interactions, and potential for PSE changes related to healthful eating and physical activity | 25 rural early care and education settings in 3 West Virginia counties | 2 years | Online and print self-assessments [1, 5, 6]; no evaluation [3]. Evaluation methods: Online and print provider self-assessment for policy changes and personal engagement (weak) | Accomplishments: 148 PSE changes reaching approximately 450 young children. Challenges: Childhood obesity not investigated long-term. Unsure of longevity of changes. Difficulty with some providers not willing to/ not knowing how to uphold PSE changes. Pushback/challenges reported in providing physical environments. Coder comments: Very few details on what occurred during trainings/outcome of trainings. Very few details on how PSE changes were defined, reported, and recorded |
| Ratigan, 2017 (59) | CDC Putting Prevention to Work through County Health Agencies | Farmers' Market Fresh Fund Incentive Program; increase access to fresh produce for participants using US government assistance | 4 farmers markets in San Diego, California | 18 Months | Survey and market attendance [1]; no evaluation [4, 6, 7]. Evaluation methods: Survey (baseline, and in 3-month intervals) reporting market goer diet, purchasing behavior, opinion of program, and market attendance reports. | Accomplishments: Greater number of market visits associated with increased fruit and vegetable consumption and perception of higher diet quality. Odds of increasing fruit and vegetable consumption increased by 2% per month. Challenges: Program discontinued after 6 months. Lack of sustainability. Coder comments: Vague description of how implementation occurred. |
| Robles, 2019 (60) | SNAP-Ed/USDA | Small Corner Store Project; promote and support corner stores to encourage patron selection of healthier food items | 13 Corner stores in Los Angeles County, California | 3 Years | No evaluation [3]; corner store conversion (CSC) staff interview (weak) [4]; CSC staff interview [5]; landscape analysis Communities of Excellence in Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Prevention (CX3), environmental scans, patron interview [6]. Evaluation methods: Landscape analysis based on information from CX3 to determine quality of environment to support PSE changes, CSC staff informal interview (weak evaluation method), interview with corner store patrons to determine quality of store environment changes | Accomplishments: 6 stores received both baseline and follow-up assessment with 34% improvement in CX3 scores. Challenges: For some stores inadequate food distribution or lack of capital improvement infrastructure (eg, refrigeration) led to adoption pushback/inability; limitations in staffing led to pushback. Coder comments: No measure of I+PSE category 3; CSC staff evaluation was weak measure of I+PSE category 4 |
| Robles, 2019 (61) | SNAP-Ed/USDA | Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Faith-Based Project; implement PSE change interventions at church sites alongside usual delivery of health education | 11 churches in Los Angeles County, California | 3 years | Congregant survey [1]; congregant interviews (weak) [2]; key informant interview [5, 6]. Evaluation methods: Congregant survey (semi-structured) noted signage and engagement, key informant interview measured quality and quantity of policy and environment (pre and post) | Accomplishments: Greater interest in eating more fruits and vegetables (66%), choosing water over soda (69%), and becoming more physically active (59%). Challenges: Did not account for demographic variation among sites. Limited ability of staff to relate to/work with/train leaders of the faith-based sector; low buy-in of leaders. Limited infrastructure slowed process of implementation. Coder comments: Key informant interview potentially weak evaluation of I+PSW categories 5 and 6 |
| Ryan-Ibarra, 2020 (62) | SNAP-Ed Southeast Region/USDA and NIH | [No name noted]; 1) assess relationship of direct education on healthy eating and shopping behaviors and 2) collect PSE change data related to nutrition supports | 25 Implementing agencies in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee | 1 Year | Pre–post survey [1]; no evaluation [2, 3, 4]; observation, interviews with key informants, repeated assessments or surveys, photographic evidence [5, 6]. Evaluation methods: SNAP-Ed Evaluation Framework | Accomplishments: Participants improved diet quality and food behaviors post intervention; 701 PSE changes reached 830,049 people (most were environmental and systems changes, 471 promotional efforts) Challenges: States used different education programs, surveys, and PSE strategies making combining evaluation content difficult. Coder comments: Application of evaluation framework, multistate, multiple sources of PSE evidence; no control group or matched/pair analysis; no evaluation for I+PSE categories 2–4 |
| Saunders, 2019 (63) | CDC | Faith, Activity, and Nutrition; promote physical activity and healthy eating through church PSE change | 54 Churches in South Carolina | 1 Year | No evaluation [3]; telephone interviews; site visits; surveys [5]; data collectors blind visits and surveys [6]. Evaluation methods: Baseline and 12-month telephone interviews, data collectors’ visits 8 to 12 months into intervention, surveys of church members evaluating policy and environment changes | Accomplishments: Higher levels of implementation for physical activity opportunities, physical activity and healthy eating guidelines, physical activity and healthy eating messages, and physical activity and healthy eating pastor support in intervention versus control churches. Challenges: Evaluation limited by self-reported survey method. Pastor support/partnership varied. Coder comments: No evaluation for I+PSE category 3. |
| Schroeder, 2018 (64) | NHLBI/NIH | Project breakFAST; increase high schoolers' breakfast participation by increasing availability of school breakfast, marketing breakfast, and providing opportunities for positive interactions that encourage breakfast participation | 16 Rural Minnesota schools | 4 Years | Monitor and document best practices, regular on-site visits and phone calls [3]; no evaluation [5]. Evaluation methods: Monitoring and documentation of best practices in implementation based on meeting discussions, regular on-site visits and phone calls used as a means to evaluate quality of training. | Accomplishments: Intervention schools increased participation in school breakfast by 56%, comparison schools increased participation by 7%. Control (non-breakfast eating) group allowed for better evaluation. Challenges: Despite slow progress in implementing “grab and go” lunches, technical assistance, and training, eventual implementation was possible. Coder comments: No mention of sustainability/ longevity |
| Schwarte, 2010 (65) | California Endowment Fund | Central California Regional Obesity Prevention Program (CCROPP); promote safe places for physical activity, increase access to fresh fruits and vegetables, and support community and youth engagement in local and regional efforts to change nutrition and physical activity environments for obesity prevention | Health departments, community partners, and communities of 8 California counties (Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, and Tulare) | 3 Years | No evaluation [2, 3, 4, 5, 7] | Accomplishments: CCROPP has made progress in changing nutrition and physical activity environments by mobilizing community members, engaging and influencing policy makers, and forming organizational partnerships. Challenges: Only sustained in 1 community. Coder comments: No description of evaluation methods; unsure how conclusions were reached |
| Schwartz, 2015 (66) | CDC | Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding Initiative; improve efforts for better breastfeeding outcomes | 8 Health centers serving predominantly Latino and Native American communities in Washington State | 1 Year | Follow-up self-assessment, final self-assessment [3]; Evaluation methods: Follow-up self-assessment 6 months later on training received/ how well adhered to training and steps; pre and final self-assessment | Accomplishments: Within 6 months clinics fully operationalized between 2 and 7 steps. Sustainability seems hopeful. Challenges: Short intervention time, difficulty standardizing expectation/definition of full implementation of each step. Coder comments: Intervention only consisted of guidance in how to implement steps; didn’t actually help facilitate |
| Seguin, 2014 (67) | NHLBI/NIH | Strong Women Change Club (SWCC); engage individuals to identify relevant community issues and facilitate an action plan to affect social, cultural, environmental, and political factors | 7 Rural communities across the United States | 1 Year | Interview [2], 5-point scale [5]; interview (weak) [3]; interview, 5-point scale [6]; Evaluation methods: 5-point scale to rate progress and community engagement, follow-up interviews coded for common themes | Accomplishments: Each SWCC had achieved at least 1 benchmark; majority completed ≥3. Challenges: Busy schedules, resistance to and slow pace of change. Club members sometimes lacked interest/engagement. Coder comments: Study was derived from a 10-year partnership of collaboration between university researchers and community health educators/leaders, but I+PSE category 4 is not evaluated and not a focus of this study. |
| Shin, 2015 (68) | Robert Wood Johnson Foundation | [Name not found]; Increase availability and selection of healthful foods through nutrition promotion and education by using point-of-purchase materials (posters and flyers in stores) and interactive sessions such as taste test and cooking demonstrations | 14 Recreation centers and 21 corner stores in Baltimore city area of Maryland, targeted youth | 8 Months | Post-intervention surveys and intervention exposure evaluation [1]; youth peer educator feedback (weak) [3]; Youth Impact Questionnaire, Post-Intervention Survey, Intervention Exposure Evaluation [6]; Evaluation methods: To facilitate recall, a booklet containing pictures of intervention materials and intervention corner stores was shown to respondents as a prompt. Post-intervention survey evaluating beliefs, knowledge, and environment; intervention exposure evaluation to measure number of times promotional/educational material seen and outcomes; youth peer educator feedback used to evaluate trainings (weak); youth impact questionnaire to evaluate noticed environment | Accomplishments: Reduction in body mass index (BMI) in intervention girls. Moderate reduction of BMI when healthful foods were not as available. Food-related outcome expectancies and individual knowledge increased. Challenges: Control not true control (some control participants exposed to intervention strategies); overall low engagement (more support and collaboration needed). Not sustainable. Coder comments: Policy not supporting changes, and no policy evaluation |
| Subica, 2016 (69) | Robert Wood Johnson Foundation | Communities Creating Healthy Environments Initiative; apply community organizing to combat childhood obesity–causing structural inequities in communities of color, primarily designed to increase children’s healthy food and safe recreational access | 21 community-based organizations and tribal nations across the United States | 3 years | No evaluation [1, 3, 5]; community kitchen; grant interviews, post-grant interviews; public records, expert examination, community kitchen [6]. Evaluation methods: Quarterly interviews with grant leaders about progress of implementation, interview with grant leader at end of initiative; public records verifying PSE “wins,” experts examining quality of policy and its implementation; community kitchen mentioned as major PSE development. | Accomplishments: Grantees achieved 72 policy wins across 6 domains: healthy food, recreational access, promoting access to quality health care, clean environments, affordable housing, and discrimination- and crime-free neighborhoods. Challenges: Ineffective evaluation of community engagement; sustainability unknown. Coder comments: Limited evaluation methods for I+PSE categories 1, 3, and 5 |
| Tomayko, 2017 (70) | Wisconsin Partnership Program Grant, NIH (multiple sources) | Active Early 2.0; evaluate effectiveness of previous program and provider training, micro-grant support, and technical assistance to increase physical activity and related behaviors to overcome obesity | Public schools across Wisconsin (~500 children reached) | 2 Years | No evaluation [3]; Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation (EPAO) instrument [5]; document review, observation, exit interview, observation [6]; Evaluation methods: EPAO instrument to asses quality of policy, observation of children's activity using Actical triaxial accelerometers (1 day); exit interview evaluating how policy has aligned/changed (success measure) | Accomplishments: Significant improvements in total nutrition score and several nutrition subscales as guided by policy; percentage of sites with written activity policies moderately increased. Challenges: High turnover of staff involved with initiative. Coder comments: No evaluation for I+PSE category 3; noted challenge |
| Trieu, 2018 (71) | National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia under the Global Alliance for Chronic Disease Hypertension Program | Monitoring and Action on Salt in Samoa; lower population salt intake comprising awareness campaigns, better community mobilization, and creation of policy and environmental changes | Awareness campaigns via TV, radio, events, newspaper, billboards, food industry, schools; 780 randomly selected participants aged 18–64 years in urban and rural regions of Samoa | 18 Months | Post-intervention survey, stakeholder interview [1]; post-intervention survey [2, 6]; no evaluation [7]. Evaluation methods: Post intervention survey of participants, interview with stakeholders after implementation | Accomplishments: Awareness campaigns, school nutrition standards, and community mobilization interventions were implemented with moderate reach and fidelity. Challenges: Food culture, higher cost, and lower availability of healthy low-salt foods relative to unhealthy foods and salty taste preference. Coder comments: Actual salt intake not noted, just sources of exposure |
| Wallace, 2020 (72) | CDC | Community Coalitions for Change; engage communities in reducing obesity prevalence | 4 Rural counties in Tennessee (community gardens, higher education, public schools, public and private agencies) | 4 Years | Surveys, pedometers [1]; surveys, focus group interviews, ripple effect mapping (REM) [2]; REM [4]; audits [6]. Evaluation methods: physical activity survey, nutrition assessment survey, pedometer monitoring, focus group interviews to complete assessments of parks and retail food venues; audits by the evaluation team with the Physical Activity Resource Assessment; REM via the Community Capitals Framework to collect qualitative data about perceived outcomes and sustainability efforts. Other: census and health department data | Accomplishments: 67,400 Community members and 67 organizations participated; 61% reported being more physically active, 59% reported eating more fruit, and 66% reported eating more vegetables. Initiative empowered members to sustain program. Strong community engagement. Challenges: Reduced number of site assessments overtime. Coder comments: No distinction between implementation/results in different types of settings |
Table 2. Characteristics of Healthy Eating and Active Living Initiatives Described in Reviewed Studies (N = 52) That Used Policy, Systems, and Environmental Approachesa
Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; DOCC, Documentation of Community Change; EFNEP, Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program; HEAL, Healthy Eating Active Living; I+PSE, Individual Plus PSE Conceptual Framework for Action; NCI, National Cancer Institute; NHLBI, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; NIH, National Institutes of Health; NSW, New South Wales, Australia; PSE, policy, systems and environment; RE-AIM, Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance; SNAP-Ed, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education; USDA, US Department of Agriculture.
a I+PSE (12) consists of 7 numbered components defined as follows: 1) strengthen individual knowledge and behavior; 2) promote community engagement and education; 3) activate intermediaries and service providers; 4) facilitate partnerships and multisector collaborations; 5) align organizational policies and practices; 6) foster physical, natural, and social settings; and 7) advance public policies and legislation. Numbers in brackets indicate which of 7 components the study addressed. Alignment with strategies describes how an aspect of the study’s initiative/intervention related to a component (eg, included an online survey, provided documentation, evaluation methods). Strategies were coded as weak if they were vaguely described, imprecise, or provided insufficient coverage of intervention activities aligned with I+PSE components.
| Setting | Number (%) of articles | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Education | 10 (19) | Schools, after-school programs, and early care centers |
| Businesses and nonprofits | 9 (17) | Businesses, community-based organizations, and nonprofit organizations |
| Faith-based | 6 (12) | Churches and related organizations |
| Limited food outlets | 4 (8) | Convenience stores, food pantries, and farmers markets |
| Health care facilities | 2 (4) | Hospitals and clinics |
| Combination of sites | 21 (40) | Faith-based organizations, health care sites, schools, food stores, recreation centers, businesses and/or communities |
Table 3. Settings (N = 52) for Policy, Systems, and Environmental Approaches for Healthy Eating and Active Living Initiatives
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Policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) change approaches frequently address healthy eating and active living (HEAL) priorities. However, the health effects of PSE HEAL initiatives are not well known because of their design complexity and short duration. Planning and evaluation frameworks can guide PSE activities to generate collective impact. We applied a systematic mapping review to the Individual plus PSE Conceptual Framework for Action (I+PSE) to describe characteristics, achievements, challenges, and evaluation strategies of PSE HEAL initiatives.
We identified peer-reviewed articles published from January 2009 through January 2021 by using CINAHL, Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CAB Abstracts databases. Articles describing implementation and results of PSE HEAL initiatives were included. Activities were mapped against I+PSE components to identify gaps in evaluation efforts.
Independent reviewers examined 437 titles and abstracts; 52 peer-reviewed articles met all inclusion criteria. Twenty-four focused on healthy eating, 5 on active living, and 23 on HEAL. Descriptive analyses identified federal funding of initiatives (typically 1–3 years), multisector settings, and mixed-methods evaluation strategies as dominant characteristics. Only 11 articles reported on initiatives that used a formal planning and evaluation framework. Achievements focused on partnership development, individual behavior, environmental or policy changes, and provision of technical assistance. Challenges included lack of local coalition and community engagement in initiatives and evaluation activities and insufficient time and resources to accomplish objectives. The review team noted vague or absent descriptions of evaluation activities, resulting in questionable characterizations of processes and outcomes. Although formation of partnerships was the most commonly reported accomplishment, I+PSE mapping revealed a lack of engagement assessment and its contributions toward initiative impact.
PSE HEAL initiatives reported successes in multiple areas but also challenges related to partnership engagement and community buy-in. These 2 areas are essential for the success of PSE HEAL initiatives and need to be adequately evaluated so improvements can be made.
