Thursday, March 23, 2023
| Demographic Characteristic | Unweighted Sample Size, No. | Weighted Sample Size, No. | Percentage of Total Sample |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | |||
| 18–24 | 202,430 | 254,808,033 | 12.7 |
| 25–34 | 376,249 | 346,022,123 | 17.3 |
| 35–44 | 450,853 | 331,211,730 | 16.6 |
| 45–54 | 624,144 | 349,285,909 | 17.5 |
| 55–64 | 829,854 | 32,7431,931 | 16.4 |
| ≥65 | 1,270,272 | 386,041,090 | 19.4 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 2,173,864 | 1,023,919,498 | 51.4 |
| Male | 1,578,475 | 970,082,877 | 48.7 |
| Missing | 1,463 | — | — |
| Education | |||
| Less than college/technical school graduate | 2,392,837 | 1,460,440,334 | 73.6 |
| Graduated from college/technical school or higher | 1,344,201 | 523,874,894 | 26.4 |
| Missing | 16,764 | — | — |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2,853,543 | 1,252,200,151 | 63.9 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 300,514 | 228,988,937 | 11.7 |
| Hispanic | 296,518 | 324,414,918 | 16.5 |
| Non-Hispanic Otherb | 241,001 | 155,228,739 | 7.9 |
| Missing | 62,226 | — | — |
| Year | |||
| 2011 | 506,467 | 238,011,292 | 11.9 |
| 2012 | 475,687 | 243,057,710 | 12.2 |
| 2013 | 491,773 | 246,024,416 | 12.3 |
| 2014 | 464,664 | 248,482,532 | 12.5 |
| 2015 | 441,456 | 251,347,138 | 12.6 |
| 2016 | 486,303 | 254,151,136 | 12.7 |
| 2017 | 450,016 | 255,653,205 | 12.8 |
| 2018 | 437,436 | 258,073,387 | 12.9 |
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Sample, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2011–2018a
Abbreviation: — , not applicable.
a Descriptive statistics are for combined BRFSS data from 2011 to 2018.
b Other race/ethnicity includes non-Hispanic multiracial and non-Hispanic “Other” adults.
| States | Black | Hispanic | Other | White | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 2014 | 2018 | 2011 | 2014 | 2018 | 2011 | 2014 | 2018 | 2011 | 2014 | 2018 | |
| Alabama | 20.8 (18.0–23.5) | 20.2 (17.5–22.9) | 18.5 (16.0 21.1) | 27.4 (14.7–40.2) | — | 10.6 (3.8–17.3) | 37.2 (27.8–46.6) | 16.1 (10.0–22.1) | 31.3 (22.3–40.3) | 25.0 (23.2–26.7) | 21.9 (20.3– 23.5) | 19.2 (17.6–20.8) |
| Alaska | — | — | — | 22.9 (11.6–34.1) | 12.2 (5.6–18.8) | — | 31.9 (27.1–36.6) | 29.7 (25.4–34.1) | 31.6 (26.0–37.2) | 19.3 (17.2–21.4) | 17.6 (15.7–19.5) | 14.8 (12.6–16.9) |
| Arizona | 27.3 (16.5–38.1) | 16.2 (10.9–21.6) | 12.3 (6.3–18.3) | 13.3 (9.7–17.0) | 14.0 (11.5–16.5) | 13.3 (10.4–16.1) | 18.0 (11.2–24.8) | 16.3 (12.3–20.3) | 14.9 (10.1–19.8) | 21.7 (19.1–24.3) | 17.6 (16.3–19.0) | 14.2 (12.7–15.7) |
| Arkansas | 27.3 (20.4–34.2) | 28.9 (23.1–34.7) | 21.0 (16.2–25.8) | — | — | 15.8 (6.8–24.7) | 31.6 (19.4–43.7) | 27.7 (18.7–36.8) | 33.4 (22.7–44.1) | 27.4 (25.1–29.8) | 24.5 (22.3–26.8) | 23.1 (21.1–25.1) |
| California | 19.8 (15.6–23.9) | 23.2 (18.1–28.2) | 13.5 (9.5–17.5) | 12.0 (10.7–13.4) | 11.4 (9.7–13.1) | 11.3 (10.0–12.6) | 10.9 (9.0–12.9) | 10.5 (8.0–13.0) | 9.1 (7.2–11.1) | 15.1 (14.1–16.1) | 13.7 (12.4–15.0) | 11.7 (10.5–12.9) |
| Colorado | 23.2 (15.9–30.4) | 22.8 (17.0–28.7) | 20.6 (13.3–27.9) | 20.2 (17.1–23.4) | 17.4 (14.9–19.8) | 16.1 (13.8–18.3) | 17.0 (12.2–21.8) | 15.9 (11.9–19.9) | 19.8 (15.0–24.5) | 17.6 (16.4–18.7) | 14.8 (13.8–15.8) | 13.4 (12.3–14.5) |
| Connecticut | 20.8 (15.8–25.7) | 18.5 (14.0–22.9) | 18.2 (14.6–21.9) | 17.1 (12.9–21.2) | 20.6 (16.3–24.8) | 16.5 (13.2–19.9) | 16.4 (11.5–21.3) | 16.0 (10.5–21.5) | 8.7 (5.8–11.6) | 16.8 (15.2–18.5) | 14.1 (12.7–15.5) | 10.8 (9.8–11.8) |
| Delaware | 21.5 (16.8–26.3) | 17.1 (12.7–21.5) | 17.4 (13.6–21.2) | 26.6 (17.7–35.5) | 10.1 (5.8–14.4) | 15.6 (11.1–20.1) | 24.5 (15.5–33.4) | 19.0 (9.4–28.5) | 9.6 (6.0–13.3) | 21.3 (19.1–23.4) | 22.0 (19.6–24.3) | 17.0 (15.3–18.7) |
| District of Columbia | 30.8 (27.4–34.2) | 26.0 (22.3–29.8) | 21.8 (19.2–24.5) | 15.2 (8.1–22.4) | — | 7.8 (3.3–12.2) | 19.8 (10.7–28.9) | 16.2 (7.4–25.1) | 16.4 (10.8–22.0) | 9.6 (7.5–11.7) | 7.3 (4.9–9.6) | 6.9 (5.0–8.9) |
| Florida | 16.4 (12.9–19.9) | 15.1 (11.8–18.4) | 11.5 (8.4–14.6) | 15.1 (12.3–17.8) | 15.3 (12.5–18.1) | 12.7 (9.7–15.6) | 20.5 (15.9–25.1) | 20.3 (14.3–26.3) | 15.8 (11.1–20.5) | 21.2 (19.8–22.6) | 18.9 (17.5–20.3) | 15.9 (14.6–17.2) |
| Georgia | 17.5 (14.9–20.1) | 14.6 (12.0–17.3) | 13.9 (12.0–15.8) | 12.6 (7.9–17.4) | 15.6 (9.5–21.7) | 11.2 (8.6–13.8) | 20.6 (14.6–26.6) | 15.3 (9.2–21.4) | 12.1 (8.8–15.3) | 24.2 (22.5–25.9) | 19.3 (17.4–21.1) | 18.5 (17.1–19.9) |
| Hawaii | — | — | — | 26.8 (20.4–33.1) | 23.0 (17.9–28.1) | 21.4 (16.5–26.2) | 15.9 (14.2–17.5) | 14.4 (12.9–15.8) | 13.2 (11.8–14.6) | 15.4 (12.8–17.9) | 10.1 (8.2–12.1) | 11.6 (9.9–13.4) |
| Idaho | — | — | — | 18.3 (11.2–25.3) | 9.6 (5.6–13.6) | 8.0 (5.0–11.1) | 21.8 (11.2 32.3) | 31.5 (21.9–41.1) | 27.0 (15.9–38.2) | 16.9 (15.1–18.6) | 16.1 (14.5–17.8) | 14.9 (13.0–16.7) |
| Illinois | 27.1 (21.4–32.8) | 24.5 (19.2–29.8) | 21.4 (17.4–25.5) | 23.5 (16.6–30.4) | 12.9 (9.2–16.6) | 10.0 (7.4–12.6) | 13.5 (7.2–19.8) | 8.6 (3.9–13.4) | 11.0 (7.2–14.8) | 19.8 (18.0–21.6) | 16.3 (14.6–17.9) | 16.1 (14.5–17.8) |
| Indiana | 31.4 (26.0–36.9) | 27.1 (22.3–32.0) | 20.8 (16.2–25.4) | 22.4 (14.8–30.0) | 14.1 (9.5–18.7) | 12.9 (7.9–18.0) | 33.4 (24.4–42.4) | 22.8 (16.6–29.0) | 20.6 (13.9–27.3) | 25.0 (23.6–26.5) | 23.1 (21.8–24.3) | 21.8 (20.4–23.2) |
| Iowa | 32.9 (22.9–42.9) | 25.3 (15.2–35.3) | 22.7 (15.0–30.5) | 18.9 (12.1–25.6) | 17.6 (10.3–24.8) | 14.2 (10.6–17.9) | 31.8 (23.2–40.4) | 26.6 (17.4–35.8) | 25.6 (19.2–32.0) | 19.9 (18.6–21.1) | 18.1 (16.9–19.3) | 16.1 (15.2–17.1) |
| Kansas | 28.2 (23.6–32.9) | 25.5 (20.8–30.1) | 21.2 (15.6–26.9) | 22.6 (19.2–26.1) | 14.2 (11.3–17.0) | 17.0 (12.7–21.2) | 29.7 (25.0–34.4) | 26.5 (21.9–31.1) | 22.2 (17.1–27.3) | 21.1 (20.2–21.9) | 17.5 (16.6–18.4) | 16.8 (15.8–17.8) |
| Kentucky | 33.8 (26.7–40.9) | 29.7 (22.5–36.9) | 24.8 (17.6–31.9) | 28.2 (17.1–39.2) | 26.5 (14.1–38.8) | 20.3 (9.7–30.9) | 37.7 (26.1–49.2) | 37.3 (27.3–47.4) | 25.7 (16.1–35.2) | 28.5 (27.0–30.0) | 25.5 (24.0–27.1) | 23.4 (21.7–25.1) |
| Louisiana | 25.4 (22.6–28.2) | 24.6 (22.0–27.3) | 16.1 (13.4–18.7) | 18.2 (11.5–24.9) | 19.8 (12.1–27.6) | 21.1 (12.7–29.5) | 32.0 (24.0–40.1) | 26.8 (19.5–34.1) | 18.3 (11.9–24.6) | 26.1 (24.4–27.8) | 23.8 (22.2–25.5) | 22.9 (20.9–24.9) |
| Maine | — | — | — | 32.0 (17.2–46.9) | — | 26.9 (11.2–42.6) | 41.3 (33.3–49.3) | 32.9 (25.0–40.7) | 26.5 (18.2–34.8) | 22.3 (21.2–23.4) | 18.5 (17.3–19.8) | 17.6 (16.3–18.9) |
| Maryland | 18.9 (16.2–21.6) | 16.8 (14.1–19.5) | 13.7 (12.0–15.4) | 19.9 (12.7–27.1) | 8.2 (4.1–12.2) | 6.8 (4.6–9.0) | 16.8 (11.6–22.0) | 9.5 (5.9–13.2) | 10.7 (7.7–13.8) | 19.6 (18.0–21.2) | 15.5 (13.9–17.1) | 13.2 (12.2–14.3) |
| Massachusetts | 17.1 (13.6–20.6) | 16.6 (12.1–21.1) | 10.9 (6.8–15.1) | 19.2 (15.7–22.7) | 17.1 (13.2–21.1) | 13.7 (10.0–17.4) | 16.2 (12.6–19.7) | 13.6 (10.1–17.1) | 9.1 (6.0–12.2) | 18.3 (17.3–19.4) | 14.4 (13.3–15.5) | 14.1 (12.7–15.5) |
| Michigan | 27.1 (23.1–31.1) | 22.3 (18.4–26.2) | 22.7 (19.5–26.0) | 20.0 (13.2–26.7) | 32.4 (22.6–42.2) | 25.9 (19.2–32.7) | 24.5 (18.6–30.5) | 26.2 (20.3–32.0) | 21.8 (17.1–26.6) | 22.8 (21.4–24.3) | 20.1 (18.8–21.5) | 17.8 (16.7–18.9) |
| Minnesota | 29.8 (24.1–35.6) | 22.3 (17.4–27.2) | 21.4 (17.2–25.7) | 20.1 (13.7–26.5) | 14.3 (10.3–18.3) | 13.6 (10.6–16.7) | 25.2 (20.3–30.0) | 17.7 (14.3–21.2) | 18.0 (14.9–21.0) | 18.2 (17.2–19.2) | 15.9 (15.1–16.6) | 14.6 (13.9–15.3) |
| Mississippi | 22.8 (20.5–25.1) | 20.7 (17.7–23.8) | 18.8 (16.4–21.1) | 25.3 (14.6–36.0) | — | — | 39.8 (29.3–50.2) | — | 27.6 (17.7–37.5) | 27.2 (25.4–28.9) | 25.3 (22.7–27.9) | 21.4 (19.5–23.3) |
| Missouri | 28.0 (23.0–33.0) | 21.2 (16.5–26.0) | 22.1 (16.8–27.4) | 16.2 (8.0–24.4) | — | 18.1 (8.9–27.4) | 27.7 (19.0–36.4) | 13.8 (8.5–19.1) | 24.1 (16.5–31.8) | 24.9(23.2–26.6) | 20.8 (19.2–22.4) | 19.0 (17.3–20.6) |
| Montana | — | — | — | 40.1 (27.5–52.6) | 32.2 (19.1–45.3) | 20.6 (8.7–32.6) | 40.9 (35.9–45.9) | 38.6 (32.6–44.6) | 36.3 (30.3–42.3) | 19.9 (18.6–21.2) | 17.8 (16.3–19.3) | 16.5 (14.9–18.0) |
| Nebraska | 28.0 (23.1–32.9) | 19.9 (14.2–25.6) | 29.3 (22.2–36.3) | 18.4 (15.3–21.5) | 14.0 (10.6–17.4) | 12.2 (9.3–15.0) | 24.4 (20.0–28.7) | 27.3 (21.3–33.2) | 22.2 (16.4–28.0) | 19.5(18.7–20.3) | 17.0 (16.1–17.9) | 15.3 (14.3–16.3) |
| Nevada | 30.0 (21.8–38.2) | 24.6 (15.6–33.5) | 21.6 (13.4–29.9) | 15.5 (11.2–19.9) | 15.8 (11.3–20.4) | 11.2 (7.8–14.6) | 21.1 (14.6–27.5) | 14.7 (7.9–21.4) | 16.7 (10.4–23.1) | 25.7 (23.2–28.1) | 17.2 (14.9–19.6) | 16.6 (14.3–18.9) |
| New Hampshire | — | — | — | 25.5 (11.8–39.3) | — | — | 33.3 (24.2–42.4) | 24.6 (14.9–34.4) | 23.7 (14.1–33.4) | 19.0(17.5–20.4) | 17.3 (15.7–18.8) | 15.6 (14.1–17.2) |
| New Jersey | 21.2 (18.2–24.2) | 18.0 (15.1–20.9) | 12.7 (6.5–19.0) | 14.5 (12.1–16.8) | 14.2 (11.7–16.7) | 13.4 (9.1–17.7) | 10.2 (7.4–12.9) | 10.4 (7.5–13.3) | — | 17.8 (16.6–19.0) | 15.9 (14.6–17.2) | 14.4 (11.5–17.3) |
| New Mexico | 32.7 (20.4–45.1) | — | — | 23.0 (21.0–25.0) | 20.0 (17.7–22.3) | 15.6 (13.5–17.6) | 16.9 (13.4–20.3) | 13.7 (10.0–17.3) | 16.5 (13.1–20.0) | 20.8 (19.1–22.4) | 19.2 (17.1–21.2) | 14.7 (13.1–16.4) |
| New York | 21.3 (17.5–25.0) | 16.1 (12.7–19.5) | 14.1 (12.2–16.1) | 17.4 (14.0–20.7) | 14.1 (11.0–17.2) | 12.1 (10.4–13.9) | 17.2 (12.8–21.6) | 8.6 (5.8–11.4) | 9.2 (7.3–11.1) | 17.9 (16.4–19.5) | 15.0 (13.6–16.5) | 13.3 (12.5–14.1) |
| North Carolina | 23.4 (20.2–26.6) | 20.6 (17.9–23.3) | 17.2 (14.0–20.4) | 16.6 (11.5–21.8) | 11.7 (8.6–14.8) | 10.8 (7.0–14.6) | 23.9 (18.3–29.5) | 18.8 (13.4–24.3) | 18.0 (11.8–24.2) | 21.8(20.2–23.3) | 19.4 (18.0–20.9) | 18.3 (16.5–20.1) |
| North Dakota | — | — | 19.8 (9.2–30.3) | — | 51.0 (32.9–69.1) | 25.3 (12.3–38.2) | 48.4 (39.1–57.6) | 40.2 (31.4–49.0) | 38.1 (30.3–45.9) | 20.2(18.6–21.7) | 17.6 (16.1–19.1) | 17.5 (15.9–19.1) |
| Ohio | 27.2 (22.9–31.5) | 22.0 (17.3–26.7) | 23.4 (19.2–27.7) | 19.2 (10.4–27.9) | 20.8 (11.9–29.6) | 18.6 (12.2–24.9) | 36.5 (27.2–45.8) | 22.6 (14.9–30.3) | 23.8 (16.2–31.5) | 24.6 (23.1–26.0) | 20.7 (19.3–22.1) | 20.1 (18.9–21.3) |
| Oklahoma | 30.7 (24.5–36.9) | 25.6 (20.3–30.8) | 21.0 (15.0–27.1) | 18.1 (12.8–23.5) | 13.3 (9.1–17.5) | 11.6 (7.4–15.8) | 28.4 (24.6–32.2) | 28.1 (24.2–32.0) | 24.2 (19.9–28.5) | 26.0 (24.4–27.6) | 20.2 (18.8–21.6) | 19.8 (18.1–21.6) |
| Oregon | — | — | — | 19.7 (12.6–26.8) | 12.7 (7.9–17.6) | 12.1 (8.8–15.3) | 18.0 (13.0–23.0) | 20.1 (14.0–26.2) | 18.4 (12.9–23.8) | 20.0 (18.4–21.5) | 17.1 (15.5–18.7) | 16.1 (14.7–17.5) |
| Pennsylvania | 28.7 (24.5–32.9) | 24.1 (19.8–28.3) | 23.7 (19.3–28.0) | 27.1 (20.6–33.7) | 25.1 (17.7–32.6) | 18.9 (13.2–24.6) | 27.5 (21.0–34.0) | 13.2 (8.3–18.0) | 14.7 (10.3–19.1) | 21.2(20.0–22.4) | 19.4 (18.2–20.6) | 16.3 (14.9–17.7) |
| Rhode Island | 21.8 (13.4–30.3) | 21.9 (13.8–30.1) | 9.5 (4.3–14.7) | 19.8 (14.8–24.9) | 13.6 (8.9–18.4) | 9.7 (6.1–13.4) | 21.8 (15.6–28.0) | 17.4 (9.2–25.5) | 17.1 (11.1–23.2) | 19.9 (18.3–21.5) | 16.2 (14.6–17.8) | 15.5 (13.7–17.3) |
| South Carolina | 23.5 (21.1–25.9) | 21.9 (19.5–24.3) | 17.0 (14.7–19.3) | 18.5 (11.5–25.4) | 20.6 (13.8–27.4) | 12.8 (8.0–17.7) | 25.8 (16.3–35.4) | 31.1 (24.7–37.5) | 21.5 (15.0–27.9) | 23.2 (21.7–24.7) | 20.9 (19.5–22.3) | 18.7 (17.3–20.1) |
| South Dakota | — | — | — | 23.5 (11.4–35.6) | — | 30.6 (16.6–44.5) | 39.6 (32.2–47.1) | 34.7 (28.4–41.0) | 31.2 (24.5–38.0) | 21.1 (19.0–23.1) | 16.7 (15.1–18.4) | 16.9 (15.0–18.8) |
| Tennessee | 18.7 (12.4–25.0) | 21.5 (16.3–26.7) | 20.8 (16.1–25.4) | — | — | 9.3 (5.0–13.6) | 36.7 (20.0–53.4) | 26.9 (17.1–36.8) | 23.4 (16.5–30.4) | 23.2 (20.6–25.8) | 24.7 (22.6–26.7) | 21.0 (19.3–22.8) |
| Texas | 25.0(20.4–29.6) | 13.9 (10.7–17.1) | 21.0 (16.0–26.0) | 15.7 (13.7–17.7) | 13.4 (11.7–15.0) | 12.0 (9.3–14.7) | 14.2 (10.2–18.2) | 10.6 (6.9–14.3) | 13.1 (8.2–18.1) | 21.0 (19.3–22.6) | 16.1 (14.7–17.5) | 14.6 (12.7–16.6) |
| Utah | 29.1 (14.8–43.4) | — | 15.5 (5.0–26.1) | 14.5 (11.4–17.7) | 10.4 (8.3–12.6) | 11.8 (9.2–14.4) | 14.7 (10.3–19.0) | 11.5 (8.2–14.8) | 14.1 (10.3–17.8) | 11.0 (10.2–11.9) | 9.3 (8.7–10.0) | 8.1 (7.4–8.9) |
| Vermont | — | — | — | — | 8.0 (0.0–18.0) | — | 37.8 (27.5–48.2) | 31.2 (23.1–39.2) | 29.6 (19.5–39.8) | 18.2 (16.7–19.6) | 15.9 (14.7–17.1) | 12.9 (11.7–14.2) |
| Virginia | 23.1 (19.0–27.2) | 19.5 (16.5–22.4) | 18.1 (15.2–20.9) | 17.8 (12.0–23.6) | 15.2 (10.5–19.9) | 8.4 (5.7–11.0) | 22.1 (15.6–28.7) | 19.8 (15.2–24.4) | 10.5 (6.9–14.1) | 20.5 (18.7–22.2) | 20.2 (18.9–21.6) | 15.6 (14.4–16.7) |
| Washington | 25.7 (16.7–34.8) | 17.4 (9.5–25.4) | 12.0 (7.2–16.9) | 13.9 (10.0–17.8) | 13.3 (9.5–17.1) | 10.2 (7.8–12.7) | 17.0 (13.4–20.5) | 17.0 (13.2–20.7) | 13.1 (10.3–15.8) | 17.7 (16.5–19.0) | 15.3 (14.1–16.4) | 12.3 (11.4–13.3) |
| West Virginia | 34.3 (23.4–45.1) | 25.7 (16.5–34.8) | 27.4 (16.6–38.1) | 35.9 (19.0–52.8) | — | — | 28.0 (17.2–38.8) | 26.1 (16.7–35.6) | 28.2 (18.4–37.9) | 28.4 (26.7–30.0) | 26.7 (25.3–28.2) | 25.1 (23.4–26.7) |
| Wisconsin | 37.5 (27.8–47.1) | 35.1 (23.5–46.8) | 17.1 (9.6–24.7) | 27.4 (12.4–42.4) | 15.3 (8.9–21.7) | 17.4 (10.2–24.5) | 19.6 (9.1–30.1) | 20.0 (13.8–26.3) | 16.2 (9.7–22.7) | 19.8 (18.0–21.5) | 16.4 (15.0–17.8) | 16.4 (14.9–18.0) |
| Wyoming | — | — | — | 26.8 (19.8–33.8) | — | 26.6 (20.0–33.2) | 33.5 (24.3–42.7) | 37.0 (25.1–48.8) | 32.0 (22.2–41.9) | 22.1 (20.5–23.7) | 18.8 (16.9–20.7) | 17.4 (15.8–19.0) |
Table 2. Prevalence of Cigarette Use Across Racial/Ethnic Groups, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011, 2014, and 2018a
a All racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic except for the Hispanic group. Estimates were suppressed if the relative standard error was greater than 30% or the denominator of the estimate was less than 50. Dashes indicate that the estimate was suppressed.
| State | Black | Hispanic | Other | Year | Year-Squared | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Alabama | 0.74 (0.69–0.80) | <.001 | — | — | 1.21 (1.02–1.43) | .027 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <.001 | — | — |
| Alaska | — | — | — | — | 1.95 (1.75–2.17) | <.001 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | .04 | — | — |
| Arizona | — | — | 0.57 (0.51–0.64) | <.001 | 0.80 (0.69–0.92) | .002 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| Arkansas | 0.82 (0.72–0.93) | .002 | — | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) | .03 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | .004 | — | — | |
| California | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | .08 | 0.55 (0.51–0.59) | <.001 | 0.74 (0.67–0.81) | <.001 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | <.001 | — | — |
| Colorado | 1.29 (1.12–1.48) | <.001 | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | <.001 | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | .15 | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| Connecticut | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | .85 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | .001 | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) | .08 | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | <.001 | — | — |
| Delaware | 0.78 (0.70–0.88) | <.001 | 0.47 (0.39–0.56) | <.001 | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | .14 | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| District of Columbia | 1.98 (1.69–2.30) | <.001 | — | — | 1.44 (1.14–1.82) | .002 | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | <.001 | — | — |
| Florida | 0.58 (0.52–0.64) | <.001 | 0.55 (0.50–0.60) | <.001 | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | .01 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| Georgia | 0.66 (0.61–0.72) | <.001 | — | — | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | .004 | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| Hawaii | — | — | 1.34 (1.16–1.54) | <.001 | 1.03 (0.95–1.13) | .48 | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | .004 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .02 |
| Idaho | — | — | 0.56 (0.46–0.67) | <.001 | 1.90 (1.56–2.31) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | .007 | — | — |
| Illinois | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | .046 | 0.47 (0.40–0.54) | <.001 | 0.80 (0.66–0.95) | .01 | 0.87 (0.80–0.93) | <.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .004 |
| Indiana | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | .37 | 0.45 (0.38–0.52) | <.001 | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) | .10 | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | <.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .004 |
| Iowa | — | — | — | — | 1.53 (1.29–1.82) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <.001 | — | — |
| Kansas | 1.25 (1.14–1.38) | <.001 | 0.58 (0.53–0.64) | <.001 | 1.29 (1.18–1.42) | <.001 | 0.90 (0.86–0.94) | <.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | <.001 |
| Kentucky | 0.90 (0.79–1.01) | .08 | — | — | 1.36 (1.15–1.61) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| Louisiana | 0.73 (0.67–0.79) | <.001 | — | — | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | .67 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <.001 | — | — |
| Maine | — | — | — | — | 1.55 (1.34–1.79) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| Maryland | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | <.001 | — | — | 0.72 (0.62–0.83) | <.001 | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | <.001 | — | — |
| Massachusetts | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) | .001 | 0.64 (0.57–0.72) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) | .05 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | <.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | .04 |
| Michigan | 1.10 (1.01–1.19) | .02 | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | .14 | 1.29 (1.16–1.45) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| Minnesota | 1.18 (1.05–1.32) | .004 | — | — | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | .08 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <.001 | — | — |
| Mississippi | 0.69 (0.64–0.75) | <.001 | — | — | — | — | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| Missouri | — | — | — | — | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) | .03 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <.001 | — | — |
| Montana | — | — | — | — | 2.29 (2.08–2.53) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <.001 | — | — |
| Nebraska | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | .001 | 0.55 (0.49–0.60) | <.001 | 1.33 (1.17–1.50) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <.001 | — | — |
| Nevada | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | .09 | 0.53 (0.46–0.61) | <.001 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | .41 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| New Hampshire | — | — | — | — | 1.47 (1.22–1.77) | <.001 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | .038 | — | — |
| New Jersey | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | .48 | 0.55 (0.50–0.62) | <.001 | — | — | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| New Mexico | — | — | 0.77 (0.72–0.83) | <.001 | 0.62 (0.55–0.70) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <.001 | — | — |
| New York | 0.83 (0.76–0.92) | <.001 | 0.59 (0.54–0.65) | <.001 | 0.63 (0.56–0.72) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <.001 | — | — |
| North Carolina | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | .01 | 0.33 (0.29–0.38) | <.001 | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) | .04 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| North Dakota | — | — | — | — | 2.44 (2.14–2.78) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <.001 | — | — |
| Ohio | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | .45 | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) | .07 | 1.23 (1.06–1.42) | .006 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <.001 | — | — |
| Oklahoma | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | .74 | 0.54 (0.47–0.62) | <.001 | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | <.001 | — | — |
| Oregon | 1.20 (0.88–1.63) | .26 | — | — | 1.06 (0.93–1.22) | .39 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | .002 | — | — |
| Pennsylvania | 1.22 (1.11–1.34) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.83–1.10) | .55 | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | .89 | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| Rhode Island | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) | .03 | 0.50 (0.43–0.58) | <.001 | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | .57 | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | <.001 | — | — |
| South Carolina | 0.79 (0.74–0.84) | <.001 | 0.51 (0.43–0.61) | <.001 | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | .07 | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | <.001 | — | — |
| South Dakota | — | — | — | — | 2.29 (2.04–2.59) | <.001 | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | .001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .01 |
| Tennessee | 0.77 (0.69–0.87) | <.001 | — | — | 1.14 (0.92–1.41) | .24 | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | .09 | — | — |
| Texas | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | .05 | 0.55 (0.51–0.60) | <.001 | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | .004 | 0.86 (0.80–0.92) | <.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .001 |
| Utah | — | — | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | .15 | 1.44 (1.25–1.66) | <.001 | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | <.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .009 |
| Vermont | — | — | — | — | 1.88 (1.59–2.22) | <.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | <.001 | — | — |
| Virginia | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | .05 | 0.52 (0.45–0.60) | <.001 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | .02 | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | <.001 | — | — |
| Washington | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) | .83 | 0.54 (0.48–0.60) | <.001 | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | .87 | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | <.001 | — | — |
| West Virginia | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | .08 | — | — | 1.27 (1.07–1.51) | .007 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | <.001 | — | — |
| Wisconsin | 1.45 (1.21–1.74) | <.001 | — | — | 1.16 (0.96–1.40) | .12 | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | .01 | — | — |
| Wyoming | — | — | — | — | 1.58 (1.30–1.91) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | .002 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | .02 |
Table 3. Odds Ratios of the Race/Ethnicity and Year Terms in the Logistic Regression Models, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2018a
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.
a Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, and education; the reference group is non-Hispanic White. Models were run separately for each state. The year variable refers to the linear time trend. The year-squared variable refers to the quadratic time trend. The quadratic time trend was dropped from the logistic regression model if it was not significant (P < .05). All racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic except for the Hispanic group. Estimates were suppressed if the relative standard error was greater than 30% or the denominator of the estimate was less than 50. Dashes indicate that the estimate was suppressed.
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Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in smoking is a priority for state tobacco control programs. We investigated disparities in cigarette use by race/ethnicity, as well as trends in cigarette use across racial/ethnic groups from 2011 to 2018 in 50 US states and the District of Columbia.
We used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. In each state, smoking prevalence and corresponding 95% CIs were estimated for each racial/ethnic group in 2011, 2014, and 2018. We used logistic regression models to examine state-specific linear and quadratic time trends in smoking prevalence from 2011 to 2018.
Racial/ethnic disparities in smoking prevalence varied across states. From 2011 to 2018, compared with White adults, the odds of smoking were lower among Black adults in 14 states (odds ratio [OR] range, 0.58–0.91) and were higher in 9 states (OR range, 1.10–1.98); no differences were found in the odds of smoking in 13 states. Compared with White adults, the odds of smoking were lower among Hispanic adults in most states (OR range, 0.33–0.84) and were typically higher among Other adults (OR range, 1.19–2.44). Significant interactions between year and race/ethnicity were found in 4 states, indicating that time trends varied across racial/ethnic groups. In states with differential time trends, the decline in the odds of smoking was typically greater among Black, Hispanic, and Other adults compared with White adults.
Some progress in reducing racial/ethnic disparities in smoking has been made, but additional efforts are needed to eliminate racial/ethnic disparities in smoking.
