Vieira-Potter VJ, Karamichos D, Lee DJ. Ocular complications of diabetes and therapeutic approaches. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:3801570.
National Eye Institute website. Diabetic Retinopathy. Updated August 3, 2019. Accessed November 13, 2020. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/diabetic-retinopathy
National Eye Institute. Diabetic Retinopathy Data and Statistics. Updated July 17, 2019. Accessed November 30, 2020. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/resources-for-health-educators/eye-health-data-and-statistics/diabetic-retinopathy-data-and-statistics#
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. Vision Health Initiative. Updated October 1, 2020. Accessed December 1, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/resources/features/keep-eye-on-vision-health.html
Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2020;127:P66-P145.
Nordwall M, Fredriksson M, Ludvigsson J, et al. Impact of age of onset, puberty, and glycemic control followed from diagnosis on incidence of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: the VISS study. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:609-616.
Barsegian A, Kotlyar B, Lee J, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: focus on minority populations. Int J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;3:034-045.
American Optometric Association. Diabetic Retinopathy. Accessed November 17, 2020. https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy
American Optometric Association. 2018 American Eye-Q Results. 2019. Updated January 2019. Accessed December 22, 2020. https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/MBGH/4f7f512a-e946-4060-9575-b27c65545cb8/UploadedImages/Eye_Health_TK/2018_American_Eye-Q_Results_1_23_19.pdf
Healio. Interventions increase diabetic retinopathy screenings, but not all patients see their importance. Published February 6, 2018. Accessed November 30, 2020. https://www.healio.com/news/primary-care/20161129/early-eye-exams-critical-to-detecting-diabetic-retinopathy
Wykoff C. Intravitreal aflibercept for moderately severe to severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR): the phase 3 PANORAMA study. Presented at: the Angiogenesis, Exudation, and Degeneration 2019 Meeting; February 9, 2019; Miami, FL. Session V.
Boyer DA, on behalf of the PANORAMA study investigators. Intravitreal aflibercept injection for nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: results from the PANORAMA study. Presented at: the 53rd Annual Scientific Meeting Retina Society 2020 VR; Virtual. September 21-22, 2020. Session 4.5.
Yonekawa Y, Modi YS, Kim LA, et al. American Society of Retina Specialists clinical practice guidelines: management of nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy without diabetic macular edema. J Vitreoretinal Dis. 2020;4:125-135.
Ip MS, Domalpally A, Hopkins JJ, et. Long-term effects of ranibizumab on diabetic retinopathy severity and progression. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:1145-1152.
LUCENTIS® (ranibizumab injection) [prescribing information]. Genentech, Inc., a Member of the Roche Group. Approved 2006. Revised March 2018.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group; Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, et al. The effects of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977-986.
Chew EY, Davis MD, Danis RP, et al. The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2443-2451.
Chew EY, Ambrosius WT, Davis MD; ACCORD Study Group; ACCORD Eye Study Group. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:233-244.
Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA, et al. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:1687-1697.
Mazzone T. Intensive glucose lowering and cardiovascular disease prevention in diabetes: reconciling the recent clinical trial data. Circulation. 2010;122:2201-2211.

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Faculty

Rishi Singh, MD

Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Cleveland, Ohio

Disclosures

Disclosure: Rishi Singh, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: Alcon; Bausch & Lomb; Genentech; Novartis; Regeneron
Received grants for clinical research from: Aerie; Apellis; Graybug Vision

Editors

Kathy Merlo

Medical Education Director, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Kathy Merlo has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Ian List

Medical Writer, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Ian List has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

CME Reviewer

Robert Morris, PharmD

Associate Director, Accreditation and Compliance, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Robert Morris, PharmD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: ViiV Healthcare
Owns stock, stock options, or bonds from: GlaxoSmithKline

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This activity has been peer reviewed and the reviewer has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: Bayer; Novartis
Served as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Bayer
Received grants for clinical research from: Bayer; Novartis

CME

Diabetes & Eyes: When and Why to Refer?

Authors: Rishi Singh, MD
CME Released: 2/9/2021
THIS ACTIVITY HAS EXPIRED FOR CREDIT
Valid for credit through: 2/9/2022, 11:59 PM EST

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Target Audience and Goal Statement

This activity is intended for primary care physicians, optometrists, ophthalmologists, diabetologists, and endocrinologists.

The goal of this activity is to increase disease awareness regarding the benefits of early intervention in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and to counsel patients in overcoming adherence issues to seeing an ophthalmologist.

Upon completion of this activity, participants will:

Have increased knowledge regarding the
- Management of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
Demonstrate greater confidence in their ability to
- Counsel diabetes patients on the need to control diabetic retinopathy early on in the disease

Disclosures

Faculty

Rishi Singh, MD

Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Cleveland, Ohio

Disclosures

Disclosure: Rishi Singh, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: Alcon; Bausch & Lomb; Genentech; Novartis; Regeneron
Received grants for clinical research from: Aerie; Apellis; Graybug Vision

Editors

Kathy Merlo

Medical Education Director, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Kathy Merlo has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Ian List

Medical Writer, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Ian List has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

CME Reviewer

Robert Morris, PharmD

Associate Director, Accreditation and Compliance, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Robert Morris, PharmD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: ViiV Healthcare
Owns stock, stock options, or bonds from: GlaxoSmithKline

Medscape, LLC staff have disclosed that they have no relevant financial relationships.

The PIM planners and managers have nothing to disclose.

Peer Reviewer

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Medscape, LLC designates this enduring material for a maximum of 0.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™ . Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

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In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by the Postgraduate Institute for Medicine and Medscape. Postgraduate Institute for Medicine is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.

Postgraduate Institute for Medicine is accredited by COPE to provide continuing education to optometrists.

Credit Statement: This course is COPE approved for 0.25 hours of CE credit. Activity #121072 and Course ID 71213-SD. Check with your local state licensing board to see if this counts toward your CE requirement for re-licensure.

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From Medscape Education Family Medicine

CME

Diabetes & Eyes: When and Why to Refer?

Authors: Rishi Singh, MDFaculty and Disclosures

THIS ACTIVITY HAS EXPIRED FOR CREDIT

CME Released: 2/9/2021

Valid for credit through: 2/9/2022, 11:59 PM EST

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The educational activity presented above may involve simulated, case-based scenarios. The patients depicted in these scenarios are fictitious and no association with any actual patient, whether living or deceased, is intended or should be inferred. The material presented here does not necessarily reflect the views of Medscape, LLC, or any individuals or commercial entities that support companies that support educational programming on medscape.org. These materials may include discussion of therapeutic products that have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, off-label uses of approved products, or data that were presented in abstract form. These data should be considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal. Readers should verify all information and data before treating patients or employing any therapies described in this or any educational activity. A qualified healthcare professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed herein.

References

Faculty and Disclosures

Faculty

Rishi Singh, MD

Editors

Kathy Merlo

Ian List

CME Reviewer

Robert Morris, PharmD

Peer Reviewer

CME

Diabetes & Eyes: When and Why to Refer?

Target Audience and Goal Statement

Disclosures

Faculty

Rishi Singh, MD

Editors

Kathy Merlo

Ian List

CME Reviewer

Robert Morris, PharmD

Peer Reviewer

Accreditation Statements

For Physicians

For Optometrists

Instructions for Participation and Credit

Diabetes & Eyes: When and Why to Refer?

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