Thursday, June 8, 2023
| Characteristic | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Age, y | |
| 18–24 | 284 (15.5) |
| 25–34 | 371 (20.2) |
| 35–44 | 346 (18.9) |
| 45–54 | 270 (14.7) |
| 55–64 | 312 (17.0) |
| ≥65 | 212 (11.6) |
| Unknown/missing | 38 (2.1) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 707 (38.6) |
| Female | 1,116 (60.9) |
| Unknown/missing | 10 (0.5) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 305 (16.6) |
| Black | 1,150 (62.7) |
| Hispanic | 311 (17.0) |
| Other | 40 (2.2) |
| Unknown/missing | 27 (1.5) |
| Education | |
| <High school graduate | 262 (14.3) |
| High school graduate | 478 (26.1) |
| Some college | 501 (27.3) |
| College graduate | 504 (27.5) |
| Unknown/missing | 88 (4.8) |
| Has health insurance | |
| Yes | 1,440 (78.6) |
| No | 363 (19.8) |
| Unknown/missing | 30 (1.6) |
| Has a personal physician | |
| Yes | 1,259 (68.7) |
| No | 473 (25.8) |
| Not sure/refused | 2 (0.1) |
| Unknown/missing | 99 (5.4) |
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Adults Participating in the Arkansas Minority Barber & Beauty Shop Health Initiative (N = 1,833), Arkansas, 2016–2019
| Result | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Blood pressure | |
| Hypotension (90 mm Hg/<60 mm Hg) | 5 (0.3) |
| Normal (91–120 mm Hg/61–80 mm Hg) | 524 (28.6) |
| Prehypertension (121–139 mm Hg/81–89 mm Hg) | 643 (35.1) |
| Stage 1 hypertension (140–159 mm Hg/90–99 mm Hg) | 405 (22.1) |
| Stage 2 hypertension (160–179 mm Hg/100–109 mm Hg) | 173 (9.4) |
| Critical hypertension (≥180 mm Hg/≥110 mm Hg) | 61 (3.3) |
| Unknown/missing | 22 (1.2) |
| Cholesterol | |
| Hypocholesterolemia (0–49 mg/dL) | 0 |
| Normal (50–200 mg/dL) | 1,324 (72.2) |
| Borderline (201–239 mg/dL) | 238 (13.0) |
| High (≥240 mg/dL) | 118 (6.4) |
| Unknown/missing | 153 (8.3) |
| Blood glucose | |
| Low (0–70 mg/dL) | 69 (3.8) |
| Normal (71–140 mg/dL) | 1,470 (80.2) |
| Prediabetes (141–200 mg/dL) | 113 (6.2) |
| Diabetes (≥201 mg/dL) | 100 (5.5) |
| Unknown/missing | 81 (4.4) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 0 |
| Normal (18.5-24.9) | 352 (19.2) |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 497 (27.1) |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 901 (49.2) |
| Unknown/missing | 83 (4.5) |
Table 2. Screening and Referral Results of Adults Participating in the Arkansas Minority Barber & Beauty Shop Health Initiative (N = 1,833), Arkansas, 2016–2019
| Question | Correct Answer | Pretest, % Correct | Posttest, % Correct | P Valuea | Percentage-Point Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Choice | |||||
| What should a normal blood pressure level be? | Top number <120 | 55.0 | 86.6 | <.001 | 31.5 |
| What should a normal blood pressure level be? | Bottom number <80 | 50.7 | 77.7 | <.001 | 27.0 |
| What is a normal total cholesterol level? | <200 | 44.6 | 87.9 | <.001 | 43.3 |
| If you thought someone was having a stroke or heart attack, what would be the first thing you should do? | Call 911 | 92.7 | 98.2 | <.001 | 5.6 |
| Average correct | — | 60.8 | 87.6 | — | 26.8 |
| True or False | |||||
| The following are some symptoms of a stroke | |||||
| Facial droop | True | 90.4 | 98.5 | <.001 | 8.1 |
| Slurred speech | True | 90.6 | 98.1 | <.001 | 7.5 |
| Weakness in arm or leg | True | 89.9 | 95.1 | <.001 | 5.2 |
| The following are some symptoms of a heart attack | |||||
| Chest pain | True | 94.1 | 97.4 | <.001 | 3.3 |
| Nausea/flu-like symptoms | True | 70.4 | 90.0 | <.001 | 19.6 |
| Neck, back, and jaw pain | True | 74.6 | 90.0 | <.001 | 15.5 |
| Shortness of breath | True | 93.4 | 95.9 | <.001 | 2.5 |
| Average correct | — | 86.2 | 95.0 | — | 8.8 |
| All | |||||
| Overall average correct | — | 76.9 | 92.3 | — | 15.4 |
Table 3. Knowledge Assessment Results of Adults Participating in the Arkansas Minority Barber & Beauty Shop Health Initiative (N = 1,833), Arkansas, 2016–2019
a Differences between pretest and posttest determined by χ2 test.
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Of the 1,833 participants, most (60.9%) were female, Black (62.7%), and had some college (27.3%) or were college graduates (27.5%) (Table 1). Most (54.6%) were younger than 45, most (78.6%) had health insurance, and most (68.7%) had a personal physician.
Most (69.9%) were at risk for hypertension or had hypertension: 35.1% had prehypertension, 22.1% had stage 1 hypertension, 9.4% had stage 2 hypertension, and 3.3% had critical hypertension (Table 2). Most (72.2%) participants had normal cholesterol levels, most (80.2%) had normal glucose levels, and about half (49.2%) had a BMI ≥30.0.
Of the 574 unique referrals recorded during the study period, 320 (55.7%) were successfully contacted, with 161 (28.0%) keeping their appointments with their primary care provider. Through these follow-ups, we were made aware of at least 10 instances in which a participant had received surgical interventions because of abnormal screening results. Of the 574 referrals, 418 (72.8%) were for hypertension, 156 (27.2%) for high cholesterol, and 120 (20.9%) for diabetes.
The average percentage of correct answers to the questions on normal blood pressure, normal cholesterol, and what to do first if someone were having a stroke or heart attack increased from 60.8% to 87.6% (P < .001) from pretest to posttest (Table 3). Among the multiple-choice questions, the largest improvement was for the question, “What is a normal total cholesterol level?” The percentage increased from 44.6% to 87.9% (P < .001).
The average percentage of correct answers to the true–false questions on the symptoms of a stroke and heart attack increased by 8.8 percentage points (from 86.2% to 95.0%; P < .001) (Table 3). Among the true–false questions, the largest improvement was in the question on symptoms of a heart attack: 70.4% of participants on the pretest and 90% on the posttest indicated that this was true, an increase of 19.6 percentage points (P < .001). The overall knowledge of risk factors and symptoms of heart attack and stroke increased significantly from pretest to posttest (from 76.9% to 92.3%; P < .001).
