CDC. Guideline for hand hygiene in healthcare settings. MMWR. 2002;51;1-48.
Mody L, Saint S, Kaufman SR, Kowalski C, Krein SL. Adoption of alcohol-based handrub by United States hospitals: a national survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:1177-1180. Abstract
Vernon MO, Hayden MK, Trick WE, et al. Chlorhexidine gluconate to cleanse patients in a medical intensive care unit: the effectiveness of source control to reduce the bioburden of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:274-276. Abstract
Climo M, Diekema D, Warren DK, et al. Prevalence of the use of central venous access devices within and outside of the intensive care unit: results of a survey among hospitals in the prevention epicenter program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:942-945. Abstract
Barta R, Cooper BS, Whitely C, Patel AK, Wyncoll D, Edgeworth JD. Efficacy and limitation of a chlorhexidine-based decolonization strategy in preventing transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:210-217. Abstract
Popovich KJ, Hota B, Hayes R, Weinstein RA, Hayden MK. Daily skin cleansing with chlorhexidine did not reduce the rate of central-line associated bloodstream infection in a surgical intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2010 Mar 6. [Epub ahead of print]
Bleasdale SC, Trick WE, Gonzalez IM, Lyles RD, Hayden MK, Weinstein RA. Effectiveness of chlorhexidine bathing to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical intensive care unit patients. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:2073-2079. Abstract
Berenholtz SM, Pronovost PJ, Lipsett PA, et al. Eliminating catheter-related bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:2014-2020. Abstract
Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2725-2732. Abstract
Vonberg RP, Behnke M, Geffers C, et al. Device-associated infection rates for non-intensive care unit patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:357-361. Abstract
Weber DJ, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Brown V, Rutala WA. Comparison of hospitalwide surveillance and targeted intensive care unit surveillance of healthcare-associated infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:1361-1366. Abstract
Marschall J, Leone C, Jones M, Nihill D, Fraser VJ, Warren DK. Catheter-associated bloodstream infections in general medical patients outside the intensive care unit: a surveillance study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:905-909. Abstract
Burton DC, Edwards JR, Horan TC, Fridkin SK. Trends in central line-associated bloodstream infections in intensive care units -- United States, 1997-2007. Program and abstracts of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America's (SHEA) 18th Annual Scientific Meeting; April 5-8, 2008; Orlando, Florida. Abstract 2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Reduction in central line-associated bloodstream infections among patients in intensive care units--Pennsylvania, April 2001-March 2005. MMWR. 2005;54:1013-1016. Abstract
Kaye KS, Engemann JJ, Fulmer EM, Clark CC, Noga EM, Sexton DJ. Favorable impact of an infection control network on nosocomial infection rates in community hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:228-232. Abstract
Bouadma L, Mourvillier B, Deiler V, et al. A multifaceted program to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: impact on compliance with preventive measures. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:789-796. Abstract
Bratzler DW, Hunt DR. The surgical infection prevention and surgical care improvement projects: national initiatives to improve outcomes for patients having surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:322-330. Abstract
Wald HL, Ma A, Bratzler DW, Kramer AM. Indwelling urinary catheter use in the postoperative period: analysis of the national surgical infection prevention project data. Arch Surg. 2008;143:551-557. Abstract
Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al. for the Safe Surgery Saves Lives Study Group. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:491-499. Abstract
Harbarth S, Fankhauser C, Schrenzel J, et al. Universal screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at hospital admission and nosocomial infection in surgical patients. JAMA. 2008;299:1149-1157. Abstract
Robicsek A, Beaumont JL, Paule SM, et al. Universal surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 3 affiliated hospitals. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:409-418. Abstract
Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE Jr, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:159-177. Abstract
Gould CV, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, Kuntz G, Peques DA; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:319-326. Abstract
Dubberke ER, Reske KA, Noble-Wang J, et al. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile environmental contamination and strain variability in multiple health care facilities. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35:315-318. Abstract
Boyce JM, Ligi C, Kohan C, Dumigan D, Havill NL. Lack of association between the increased incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease and the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:479-483. Abstract

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Author(s)

Robert A. Weinstein, MD

Professor of Medicine, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Chairman, Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital, Chicago, Illinois

Disclosures

Disclosure: Robert A. Weinstein, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Dr. Weinstein does not intend to discuss off-label uses of drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States.
Dr. Weinstein does not intend to discuss investigational drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

Russell N. Olmsted, MPH

Epidemiologist, Infection Prevention & Control Services, Saint Joseph Mercy Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Disclosures

Disclosure: Russell N. Olmsted, MPH, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: Mintie Technologies, Inc.; Premier, Inc.; Arizant Healthcare Inc.; Trademark Medicine
Served as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: CareFusion; Baxter Healthcare Corporation
Received grants for clinical research from: Ecolab; Mintie Technologies, Inc.; VA Medical Center Research and Development Service
Serves as president for: Applied Epidemiology Solutions, Inc.
Mr. Olmsted does not intend to discuss off-label uses of drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States.
Mr. Olmsted does not intend to discuss investigational drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics no approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

Ebbing Lautenbach, MD, MPH, MSCE

Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology; Associate Hospital Epidemiologist, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Disclosures

Disclosure: Ebbing Lautenbach, MD, MPH, MSCE, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Received grants for clinical research from: Merck & Co. Inc.; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Dr. Lautenbach does not intend to discuss off-label uses of drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States.
Dr. Lautenbach does not intend to discuss investigational drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

John A. Jernigan, MD, MS

Chief, Interventions and Evaluation Section, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

Disclosures

Disclosure: John A. Jernigan, MD, MS, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Dr. Jernigan does not intend to discuss off-label uses of drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States.
Dr. Jernigan does not intend to discuss investigational drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

Editor(s)

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Scientific Director, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Nurse Planner

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Scientific Director, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

CME Reviewer(s)

Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP

Accreditation Coordinator, Continuing Professional Education Department, Medscape, LLC; Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Nursing and Allied Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC; Nurse Practitioner, School-Based Health Centers, Baltimore City Public Schools, Baltimore, Maryland

Disclosures

Disclosure: Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

CME/CE

Roadmap for HAI Prevention Research: Bench to Bedside and Back

Authors: Robert A. Weinstein, MD; Russell N. Olmsted, MPH; Ebbing Lautenbach, MD, MPH, MSCE; John A. Jernigan, MD, MS
CME/CE Released: 4/9/2010; Reviewed and Renewed: 4/8/2011
THIS ACTIVITY HAS EXPIRED FOR CREDIT
Valid for credit through: 4/8/2012

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Target Audience and Goal Statement

This activity is intended for hospitalists, intensivists, emergency department physicians, surgeons, infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists, preventionists, nurses, advanced practice nurses, and physician assistants.

The goal of this activity is to improve clinical decision making among clinicians caring for patients in acute care and extended care settings by highlighting hospital-acquired infection prevention measures with a solid evidence base.

Upon completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

Identify areas of research in the area of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) that led to important clinical advances in the last decade
Explain how the findings of current HAI research initiatives will potentially impact clinical practice
Recognize important clinical questions that are currently not being sufficiently investigated

Disclosures

Author(s)

Robert A. Weinstein, MD

Professor of Medicine, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Chairman, Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital, Chicago, Illinois

Disclosures

Disclosure: Robert A. Weinstein, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Dr. Weinstein does not intend to discuss off-label uses of drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States.
Dr. Weinstein does not intend to discuss investigational drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

Russell N. Olmsted, MPH

Epidemiologist, Infection Prevention & Control Services, Saint Joseph Mercy Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Disclosures

Disclosure: Russell N. Olmsted, MPH, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: Mintie Technologies, Inc.; Premier, Inc.; Arizant Healthcare Inc.; Trademark Medicine
Served as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: CareFusion; Baxter Healthcare Corporation
Received grants for clinical research from: Ecolab; Mintie Technologies, Inc.; VA Medical Center Research and Development Service
Serves as president for: Applied Epidemiology Solutions, Inc.
Mr. Olmsted does not intend to discuss off-label uses of drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States.
Mr. Olmsted does not intend to discuss investigational drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics no approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

Ebbing Lautenbach, MD, MPH, MSCE

Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology; Associate Hospital Epidemiologist, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Disclosures

Disclosure: Ebbing Lautenbach, MD, MPH, MSCE, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Received grants for clinical research from: Merck & Co. Inc.; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Dr. Lautenbach does not intend to discuss off-label uses of drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States.
Dr. Lautenbach does not intend to discuss investigational drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

John A. Jernigan, MD, MS

Chief, Interventions and Evaluation Section, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

Disclosures

Disclosure: John A. Jernigan, MD, MS, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Dr. Jernigan does not intend to discuss off-label uses of drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States.
Dr. Jernigan does not intend to discuss investigational drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

Editor(s)

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Scientific Director, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Nurse Planner

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Scientific Director, Medscape, LLC

Disclosures

Disclosure: Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

CME Reviewer(s)

Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP

Accreditation Coordinator, Continuing Professional Education Department, Medscape, LLC; Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Nursing and Allied Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC; Nurse Practitioner, School-Based Health Centers, Baltimore City Public Schools, Baltimore, Maryland

Disclosures

Disclosure: Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

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From Medscape Education Infectious Diseases

CME/CE

Roadmap for HAI Prevention Research: Bench to Bedside and Back

Authors: Robert A. Weinstein, MD; Russell N. Olmsted, MPH; Ebbing Lautenbach, MD, MPH, MSCE; John A. Jernigan, MD, MSFaculty and Disclosures

THIS ACTIVITY HAS EXPIRED FOR CREDIT

CME/CE Released: 4/9/2010; Reviewed and Renewed: 4/8/2011

Valid for credit through: 4/8/2012

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Editor's Note:

This activity was developed in collaboration with the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), and was taped at the SHEA Fifth Decennial International Conference on Healthcare-Associated Infections 2010; held in Atlanta, Georgia; March 18-22, 2010.

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Disclaimer

The material presented here does not necessarily reflect the views of Medscape, LLC, or companies that support educational programming on www.medscape.org. These materials may discuss therapeutic products that have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and off-label uses of approved products. A qualified healthcare professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed. Readers should verify all information and data before treating patients or employing any therapies described in this educational activity.

References

Faculty and Disclosures

Author(s)

Robert A. Weinstein, MD

Russell N. Olmsted, MPH

Ebbing Lautenbach, MD, MPH, MSCE

John A. Jernigan, MD, MS

Editor(s)

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Nurse Planner

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

CME Reviewer(s)

Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP

CME/CE

Roadmap for HAI Prevention Research: Bench to Bedside and Back

Target Audience and Goal Statement

Disclosures

Author(s)

Robert A. Weinstein, MD

Russell N. Olmsted, MPH

Ebbing Lautenbach, MD, MPH, MSCE

John A. Jernigan, MD, MS

Editor(s)

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Nurse Planner

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

CME Reviewer(s)

Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP

Accreditation Statements

For Physicians

For Nurses

Instructions for Participation and Credit

Roadmap for HAI Prevention Research: Bench to Bedside and Back