National MRSA Education Initiative. Information for Healthcare Professionals. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/mrsa_initiative/skin_infection/mrsa_hcp.html Accessed June 24, 2009.
Baba T, Takeuchi F, Kuroda M, et al. Genome and virulence determinants of high virulence community-acquired MRSA. Lancet. 2002;359:1819-1827. Abstract
Chongtrakool P, Ito T, Ma XX, et al. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in 11 Asian countries: a proposal for a new nomenclature for SCCmec elements. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1001-1012. Abstract
Voyich JM, Otto M, Mathema B, et al. Is Panton-Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease? J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1761-1770.
Jevons M. "Celbenin"-resistant staphylococci. BMJ. 1961;1:124-125.
Barrett FF, McGehee RF, Jr, Finland M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Boston City hospital. Bacteriologic and epidemiologic observations. N Engl J Med. 1968;279:441-448. Abstract
Herold BC, Immergluck LC, Maranan MC, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. JAMA. 1998;279:593-598. Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus -- Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997-1999. MMWR. 1999;48:707-710.
Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, et al. community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:978-984. Abstract
Begier EM, Frenette K, Barrett NL, et al. A high-morbidity outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among players on a college football team, facilitated by cosmetic body shaving and turf burns. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1446-1453. Abstract
Popovich KJ, Weinstein RA, Hota B. Clin Infect Dis. Are community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains replacing traditional nosocomial MRSA strains? Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:787.
Liu C, Graber CJ, Karr M, et al. A population-based study of the incidence and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in San Francisco, 2004-2005. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1637-1646. Abstract
Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Fridkin SK, et al. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and healthcare risk factors. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1991-1993. Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community-associated MRSA information for clinicians. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca_clinicians.html#9 Accessed June 18, 2009.
Mainous AG, Hueston WJ, Everett CJ, Diaz VA. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S aureus in the United States, 2001-2002. Ann Fam Med. 2006;4:132-137. Abstract
Shurland SM, Stine OC, Venezia RA, etc. Colonization sites of USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in residents of extended care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:313-318. Abstract
Bishop EJ, Grabsch EA, Ballard SA, et al. Concurrent analysis of nose and groin swab specimens by the IDI-MRSA PCR assay is comparable to analysis by individual-specimen PCR and routine culture assays for detection of colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:2904-2908. Abstract
Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:666-674. Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National MRSA Education initiative: preventing MRSA skin infections. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/mrsa_initiative/skin_infection/mrsa_hcp.html Accessed June 18, 2009.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National MRSA Education Initiative. Preventing MRSA skin infections. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/ Accessed June 18, 2009.
Gorwitz RJ, Jernigan DB, Powers JH, et al. Strategies for Clinical Management of MRSA in the Community: Summary of an Experts' Meeting. March 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/CAMRSA_ExpMtgStrategies.pdf Accessed June 18, 2009.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). National Campaign to Prevent MRSA Skin Infections. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca.html Accessed June 18, 2009.
Fitch MT, Manthey DE, McGinnis HD, Nicks BA, Pariyadath M. Abscess incision and drainage. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:e20. Available at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/video/357/19/e20/ Accessed June 24, 2009.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca_prevention.html Accessed June 18, 2009.

As organizations accredited by the ACCME, NFID and MedscapeCME requires everyone who is in a position to control the content of an education activity to disclose all relevant financial relationships with any commercial interest. The ACCME defines "relevant financial relationships" as financial relationships in any amount, occurring within the past 12 months, including financial relationships of a spouse or life partner, that could create a conflict of interest.

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Disclosed financial relationships have been reviewed by NFID to resolve any potential conflicts of interest. All faculty and planners have attested that the content of this activity will be based on the best available evidence; will promote quality healthcare, not a specific commercial interest; and will be well-balanced and unbiased.

Author(s)

George A. Pankey, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Director, Infectious Disease Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana

Disclosures

Disclosure: George A. Pankey, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Editor and Nurse Planner

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Scientific Director, MedscapeCME

Disclosures

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Reviewer(s)

Lauren Ero, MS

Director, Continuing Medical Education, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland

Disclosures

Disclosure: Lauren Ero, MS, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Susan J. Rehm, MD

Medical Director, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Vice Chair, Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio

Disclosures

Disclosure: Susan J. Rehm, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Received grants for clinical research from: Cubist Pharmaceuticals
Served as an advisor or consultant for: Cubist Pharmaceuticals; Pfizer Inc.
Served as a speaker or member of a speaker’s bureau for: Cubist Pharmaceuticals; Roche Laboratories Inc.

CME/CE

Managing MRSA in the Community Practice Setting

Authors: George A. Pankey, MD
CME/CE Released: 7/29/2009
THIS ACTIVITY HAS EXPIRED FOR CREDIT
Valid for credit through: 7/29/2010

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Target Audience and Goal Statement

This activity is intended for primarily for primary care physicians providers and other clinicians, and secondarily for infectious disease specialists, who care for patients at risk for or with Staphylococcal skin infections.

The goal of this activity is to address the unmet educational needs of clinicians who care for patients with Staphylococcal skin infections in order to optimize outcomes for patients with MRSA, as well as address related public health concerns.

Upon completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

Describe the epidemiology and impact of MRSA in the community practice setting.
Evaluate and delineate strategies for selecting available and emerging antibiotic options for treating MRSA.

Disclosures

Author(s)

George A. Pankey, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Director, Infectious Disease Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana

Disclosures

Disclosure: George A. Pankey, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Served as an advisor or consultant for: Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Editor and Nurse Planner

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Scientific Director, MedscapeCME

Disclosures

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Reviewer(s)

Lauren Ero, MS

Director, Continuing Medical Education, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland

Disclosures

Disclosure: Lauren Ero, MS, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Susan J. Rehm, MD

Medical Director, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Vice Chair, Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio

Disclosures

Disclosure: Susan J. Rehm, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Received grants for clinical research from: Cubist Pharmaceuticals
Served as an advisor or consultant for: Cubist Pharmaceuticals; Pfizer Inc.
Served as a speaker or member of a speaker’s bureau for: Cubist Pharmaceuticals; Roche Laboratories Inc.

Accreditation Statements

For Physicians

The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide Continuing Medical Education (CME) for physicians. NFID takes responsibility for the content, quality, and scientific integrity of this CME activity.

Sponsored by the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases

The NFID designates this educational activity for a maximum of 0.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
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For Nurses

NFID is an approved provider of continuing nursing education by the Maryland Nurses Association, an accredited approver by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation.

This educational activity has been approved for 0.5 contact hours for nurse participants.

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For Pharmacists

Medscape, LLC is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education.

Medscape, LLC designates this continuing education activity for 0.5 contact hour(s) (0.05 CEUs) (Universal Program Number 461-000-09-103-H01-P)

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For questions regarding the content of this activity, contact the accredited provider for this CME/CE activity noted above. For technical assistance, contact [email protected]

Instructions for Participation and Credit

There are no fees for participating in or receiving credit for this online educational activity. For information on applicability and acceptance of continuing education credit for this activity, please consult your professional licensing board.

This activity is designed to be completed within the time designated on the title page; physicians should claim only those credits that reflect the time actually spent in the activity. To successfully earn credit, participants must complete the activity online during the valid credit period that is noted on the title page.

Follow these steps to earn CME/CE credit*:

Read the target audience, learning objectives, and author disclosures.
Study the educational content online or printed out.
Online, choose the best answer to each test question. To receive a certificate, you must receive a passing score as designated at the top of the test. MedscapeCME encourages you to complete the Activity Evaluation to provide feedback for future programming.

You may now view or print the certificate from your CME/CE Tracker. You may print the certificate but you cannot alter it. Credits will be tallied in your CME/CE Tracker and archived for 6 years; at any point within this time period you can print out the tally as well as the certificates by accessing "Edit Your Profile" at the top of your Medscape homepage.

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Disclaimer

The material presented here does not necessarily reflect the views of MedscapeCME or companies that support educational programming on www.medscapecme.com. These materials may discuss therapeutic products that have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and off-label uses of approved products. A qualified healthcare professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed. Readers should verify all information and data before treating patients or employing any therapies described in this educational activity.

References

Faculty and Disclosures

Author(s)

George A. Pankey, MD

Editor and Nurse Planner

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Reviewer(s)

Lauren Ero, MS

Susan J. Rehm, MD

CME/CE

Managing MRSA in the Community Practice Setting

Target Audience and Goal Statement

Disclosures

Author(s)

George A. Pankey, MD

Editor and Nurse Planner

Susan L. Smith, MN, PhD

Reviewer(s)

Lauren Ero, MS

Susan J. Rehm, MD

Accreditation Statements

For Physicians

For Nurses

For Pharmacists

Instructions for Participation and Credit

Managing MRSA in the Community Practice Setting