Miller MR, Robinson KA, Lubomski LH, Rinke ML, Pronovost PJ. Medication errors in paediatric care: a systematic review of epidemiology and an evaluation of evidence supporting reduction strategy recommendations. Qual Saf Health Care. 2007;16:116-126. Abstract
The Joint Commission. Sentinel event alert. Preventing pediatric medication errors. Issue 39, April 11, 2008. Available at: http://www.jointcommission.org/SentinelEvents/SentinelEventAlert/sea_39.htm Accessed April 22, 2009.
Kaushal R, Bates DW, Landrigan C, et al. Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. JAMA. 2001;285:2114-2120. Abstract
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Bates DW, Boyle DL, Vander Vliet MB, Schneider J, Leape LL. Relationship between medication errors and adverse drug events. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10:199-205. Abstract
National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP). What is a medication error? Available at: http://www.nccmerp.org/aboutMedErrors.html Accessed April 26, 2009.
Levine SR, Cohen MR, Blanchard NR, et al. From the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. Guidelines for preventing medication errors in pediatrics. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2001;6:426-442.
Levine S, Cohen MR. Preventing medication errors in pediatric and neonatal patients. In: Cohen MR, ed. Medication Errors. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2007:469-492.
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Gupta A, Waldhauser LK. Adverse drug reactions from birth to early childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997;44:79-92. Abstract
Nichter MA. Medical errors affecting the pediatric intensive care patient: incidence, identification, and practical solutions. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2008;55:757-777. Abstract
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Walsh KE, Dodd KS, Seetharaman K, et al. Medication errors among adults and children with cancer in the outpatient setting. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:891-896. Abstract
Rinke ML, Shore AD, Morlock L, Hicks RW, Miller MR. Characteristics of pediatric chemotherapy medication errors in a national error reporting database. Cancer. 2007;110:186-195. Abstract
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MedscapeCME encourages Authors to identify investigational products or off-label uses of products regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration, at first mention and where appropriate in the content.

Author(s)

Stuart Levine, PharmD

Informatics Specialist, The Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Horsham, Pennsylvania; Adjunct Professor, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Disclosures

Disclosure: Stuart Levine, PharmD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Michelle M. Mandrack, RN, MSN

Director of Consulting Services, The Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Horsham, Pennsylvania; Adjunct Professor, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Disclosures

Disclosure: Michelle M. Mandrack, RN, MSN, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Writer(s)

John F. Kross, MSc, DMD

Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Disclosures

Disclosure: John F. Kross, MSc, DMD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Editor(s)

Ammar Hasan, PharmD

Scientific Director, MedscapeCME

Disclosures

Disclosure: Ammar Hasan, PharmD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Nurse Planner

Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP

Accreditation Coordinator, Continuing Professional Education Department, MedscapeCME; Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Nursing and Allied Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC; Nurse Practitioner, School-Based Health Centers, Baltimore City Public Schools, Baltimore, Maryland

Disclosures

Disclosure: Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP, has disclosed that she has no relevant financial relationships.

CME/CE

Special Considerations for Potential Adverse Drug Events and Medication Errors in the Pediatric Population

Authors: Stuart Levine, PharmD; Michelle M. Mandrack, RN, MSN
CME/CE Released: 7/2/2009
THIS ACTIVITY HAS EXPIRED FOR CREDIT
Valid for credit through: 7/2/2010

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Target Audience and Goal Statement

This activity is intended for pediatricians, pediatric nurses and nurse practitioners, clinical pharmacists, and other healthcare personnel involved in the treatment of pediatric patients.

The goal of this activity is to educate clinicians on the risk for medication errors and adverse events in the pediatric population, and strategies to reduce this risk.

Upon completion of this activity, participants will be able to:

• Assess the risk for medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs) in the pediatric population
• Identify different types of drug errors and ADEs in pediatric patients and practices that increase the risk for error
• Devise strategies to reduce risks for drug errors and ADEs in the pediatric population
• Describe the individual clinician's role and responsibilities in managing pediatric medications safely and effectively

Disclosures

Author(s)

Stuart Levine, PharmD

Informatics Specialist, The Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Horsham, Pennsylvania; Adjunct Professor, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Disclosures

Disclosure: Stuart Levine, PharmD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Michelle M. Mandrack, RN, MSN

Director of Consulting Services, The Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Horsham, Pennsylvania; Adjunct Professor, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Disclosures

Disclosure: Michelle M. Mandrack, RN, MSN, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Writer(s)

John F. Kross, MSc, DMD

Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Disclosures

Disclosure: John F. Kross, MSc, DMD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Editor(s)

Ammar Hasan, PharmD

Scientific Director, MedscapeCME

Disclosures

Disclosure: Ammar Hasan, PharmD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Nurse Planner

Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP

Accreditation Coordinator, Continuing Professional Education Department, MedscapeCME; Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Nursing and Allied Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC; Nurse Practitioner, School-Based Health Centers, Baltimore City Public Schools, Baltimore, Maryland

Disclosures

Disclosure: Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP, has disclosed that she has no relevant financial relationships.

Accreditation Statements

For Physicians

MedscapeCME is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

MedscapeCME designates this educational activity for a maximum of 1.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™ . Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

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Medscape, LLC is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation.

Awarded 1.25 contact hour(s) of continuing nursing education for RNs and APNs; 1.25 contact hours are in the area of pharmacology.

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For Pharmacists

Medscape, LLC is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education as a provider of continuing pharmacy education.

Medscape designates this continuing education activity for 1.25 contact hour(s) (0.125 CEUs) (Universal Program Number 461-000-09-088-H01-P).

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For questions regarding the content of this activity, contact the accredited provider for this CME/CE activity noted above. For technical assistance, contact [email protected]

Instructions for Participation and Credit

There are no fees for participating in or receiving credit for this online educational activity. For information on applicability and acceptance of continuing education credit for this activity, please consult your professional licensing board.

This activity is designed to be completed within the time designated on the title page; physicians should claim only those credits that reflect the time actually spent in the activity. To successfully earn credit, participants must complete the activity online during the valid credit period that is noted on the title page.

Follow these steps to earn CME/CE credit*:

Read the target audience, learning objectives, and author disclosures.
Study the educational content online or printed out.
Online, choose the best answer to each test question. To receive a certificate, you must receive a passing score as designated at the top of the test. Medscape encourages you to complete the Activity Evaluation to provide feedback for future programming.

You may now view or print the certificate from your CME/CE Tracker. You may print the certificate but you cannot alter it. Credits will be tallied in your CME/CE Tracker and archived for 5 years; at any point within this time period you can print out the tally as well as the certificates by accessing "Edit Your Profile" at the top of your Medscape homepage.

*The credit that you receive is based on your user profile.

From Medscape Education Pharmacists

CME/CE

Special Considerations for Potential Adverse Drug Events and Medication Errors in the Pediatric Population

Authors: Stuart Levine, PharmD; Michelle M. Mandrack, RN, MSNFaculty and Disclosures

THIS ACTIVITY HAS EXPIRED FOR CREDIT

CME/CE Released: 7/2/2009

Valid for credit through: 7/2/2010

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Pre-Assessment: Measuring Educational Impact

To help us assess the effectiveness of our medical education programs, please take a few moments to read the following cases and complete the questions that follow before participating in the CME activity.

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CME/CE Information

References

Disclaimer

The material presented here does not necessarily reflect the views of MedscapeCME or companies that support educational programming on www.medscapecme.com. These materials may discuss therapeutic products that have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and off-label uses of approved products. A qualified healthcare professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed. Readers should verify all information and data before treating patients or employing any therapies described in this educational activity.

References

Faculty and Disclosures

Author(s)

Stuart Levine, PharmD

Michelle M. Mandrack, RN, MSN

Writer(s)

John F. Kross, MSc, DMD

Editor(s)

Ammar Hasan, PharmD

Nurse Planner

Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP

CME/CE

Special Considerations for Potential Adverse Drug Events and Medication Errors in the Pediatric Population

Target Audience and Goal Statement

Disclosures

Author(s)

Stuart Levine, PharmD

Michelle M. Mandrack, RN, MSN

Writer(s)

John F. Kross, MSc, DMD

Editor(s)

Ammar Hasan, PharmD

Nurse Planner

Laurie E. Scudder, MS, NP

Accreditation Statements

For Physicians

For Nurses

For Pharmacists

Instructions for Participation and Credit

Special Considerations for Potential Adverse Drug Events and Medication Errors in the Pediatric Population

Pre-Assessment: Measuring Educational Impact