Does Vitamin D Provide Cardiovascular Benefit?

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1. You are a member of the healthcare team discussing routine vitamin D supplementation with a 66-year-old man who wants to know whether he should routinely use a supplement. What can you tell him regarding mortality outcomes associated with supplements in the previous meta-analysis by Zhang and colleagues?
   Vitamin D was associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular mortality, but lower risk for cancer mortality
   Vitamin D was associated with lower risks for cardiovascular mortality and cancer mortality
   Vitamin D was associated with no change in the risks for cancer or overall mortality
   Vitamin D was associated with a lower risk for cancer mortality, with no effect on cardiovascular or overall mortality
2. The patient has a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, treated with a statin and calcium channel blocker. What can you tell him regarding the results of the current study by Thompson and colleagues?
   Vitamin D was not associated with improvement in the risk for cardiovascular disease in any analysis
   Vitamin D was associated with a significant 25% improvement in the risk for cardiovascular disease overall
   Vitamin D was associated with improvement in the risk for cardiovascular disease only among adults who reported a history of cardiovascular disease
   Vitamin D was associated with improvement in the risk for cardiovascular disease only among adults who used statins and/or antihypertensive drugs