Can Eating Oily Fish Lower CKD Risk?

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1. You are a member of the healthcare team caring for a 57-year-old man just diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD). According to the pooled analysis of 19 studies from 12 countries participating in FORCE by Ong and colleagues, which of the following statements about prospective associations of circulating omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) levels with incident CKD is correct?
   Higher levels of total seafood n-3 PUFAs were associated with 4% lower incident CKD risk per IQR
   Participants with total seafood n-3 PUFA level in the highest vs lowest fifth had a 13% lower risk for incident CKD (relative risk [RR] 0.87 [95% CI: 0.8, 0.96]; P = .005)
   Plant-derived ALA levels were significantly associated with incident CKD
   Sensitivity and subgroup analyses failed to confirm the primary finding
2. According to the pooled analysis of 19 studies from 12 countries participating in FORCE by Dr Ong and colleagues, which of the following statements about clinical and public health implications of prospective associations of circulating n-3 PUFA levels with incident CKD is correct?
   Seafood- and plant-derived n-3 PUFA levels were associated with markedly higher risk of incident CKD and slower renal function decline
   Eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels probably mostly reflected variations in n-3 PUFA supplement use
   The findings support a favorable role for seafood-derived n-3 PUFAs in preventing CKD
   Current dietary guidelines for the general population lack specific recommendations regarding oily fish