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Balancing HDL-C Levels: How Much Is Too Much?

You are a member of the healthcare team seeing a 75-year-old woman with a history of coronary artery disease. You note that her high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is now 82 mg/dL. What should you consider regarding the results of the previous study by Liu and colleagues?

Only low HDL-C was associated with a higher risk for mortality

There was a U-shaped relationship between HDL-C levels and the risk for mortality

HDL-C was associated with cardiovascular but not overall mortality

Mortality among women was particularly affected by HDL-C levels
What does the current study by Hussain and colleagues find regarding the relationship between HDL-C and risk for fracture among older adults?

HDL-C was protective against fracture as levels rose

There was no significant association between HDL-C and fracture risk

The linear positive relationship between HDL-C and fracture risk was significant among women and men

Only adults with low levels of physical activity had a higher risk for fracture with low HDL-C values